Role of Lime in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Betel-Quid Ingredients

Nair, Urmila; Obe, Günter; Friesen, Marlin D.; Goldberg, M. E.; Bartsch, Helmut

doi:10.2307/3431271

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Cement dust may be carcinogenic due to the presence of hexavalent chromium, an established carcinogen (39), in some cements or due to the lime content, which, upon contact with oral mucosa, induces alkaline conditions potentially leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (6,40). Increased risks of lung, stomach, bladder, and colon cancer have been reported in some cohort studies of workers involved in the manufacture or handling of cement (41)(42)(43), and an increase in chromosomal aberrations among cement production workers has also been reported (44).…”

Section: Cement Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers

Purdue¹,

Järvholm²,

Bergdahl³

et al. 2006

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Cement Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers

Purdue¹,

Järvholm²,

Bergdahl³

et al. 2006

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…The presence of lime within paan has also been shown to release reactive oxygen species from extracts of areca nut that could contribute to the cytogenetic damage involved in the aetiology of oral cancer. 24 A synergistic increase in oral cancer risk has been shown among people who consume alcohol, smoke and chew paan. 4,25,26 In addition, the chewing of areca nut is associated with the premalignant condition of oral submucous fibrosis especially when used in the form of paan masala.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol, tobacco and paan use and understanding of oral cancer risk among Asian males in Leicester

Vora¹,

Yeoman²,

Hayter³

2000

Br Dent J

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U p to 75% of oral cavity cancers, 1 the majority of which are squamous cell carcinomas, are thought to be attributable to the separate and combined habits of alcohol drinking, tobacco use and paan (betel-quid) chewing. [2][3][4] In the West, the principal known aetiological factors for oral cancer are tobacco use and alcohol drinking. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between the use of tobacco (smoked and chewed) and oral carcinogenesis. [5][6][7] However, alcohol is increasingly being recognised as an important risk factor, having a multiplicative synergistic carcinogenic effect with tobacco. 2,[8][9][10] It has been calculated that a non-drinking heavy smoker (smoking more than twenty per day 11 ) may have a two-to four-fold increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma than a non-smoker, whereas a heavy smoker and drinker (drinking over 21 units/week) 12 has a six-to fifteen-times increased risk. 1,13,14 However, the other known risk habit of paan chewing is widespread in the Indian sub-continent, 4 where oral cancer accounts for more than one third of all cancers compared with the prevalence of 3% of all malignancies in Western Europe. Paan use is also prevalent among Asian communities living in the United Kingdom; 15,16 and a higher number of oral and pharyngeal cancers within immigrants of Indian ethnic origin compared with Caucasians has been reported. [17][18][19][20][21] The components of paan can vary between communities and individuals, 22 although the major constituents are the leaf of Piper betel (betel leaf); sliced nut of Areca catechu (areca nut/sopari); lime; catechu (a resinous extract from the wood of the acacia tree); grated coconut and a variety of spices such as aniseed, peppermint, cardamom and cloves. 15,23 The addition of tobacco to paan is associated with a significant risk of oral cancer development. The presence of lime within paan has also been shown to release reactive oxygen species from extracts of areca nut that could contribute to the cytogenetic damage involved in the aetiology of oral cancer. 24 A synergistic increase in oral cancer risk has been shown among people who consume alcohol, smoke and chew paan. 4,25,26 In addition, the chewing of areca nut is associated with the premalignant condition of oral submucous fibrosis especially when used in the form of paan masala. 4,27,28 Paan masala (or guthkha) is a dry complex mixture, with or without tobacco, of areca nut, catechu, lime, cardamom, flavourings and sweetening agents; and is sold and readily available in the UK. Paan masala has been shown to be genotoxic, causing DNA damage via water soluble direct acting mutagens such as the areca nut alkaloids (arecoline, guvacoline, arecadine, guvacine) and tobacco derived nitrosamines found within the mixtures; with mutagenicity being potentiated by the use of ethanol. 23,29 Previous epidemiological studies of cancer incidence and mortality classify 'Asians' together as one group when making comparisons with the Caucasian population. 18,30 However, th...

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“…It contains many alkaloids, and its active component, arecoline, has been shown to induce cancer as a result of its reaction with cysteine in vivo and in vitro. The reaction between polyphenols and catechu and lime produces cysteine/3 alkylation addicts and superoxide ions and antioxidants [27]. In practice, many forms of PM consumption and the increasing number of components in PM betel quid cause a wide range of health impairments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

Nigam¹,

Venkatakrishna‐Bhatt²

2013

EAJM

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Objective: Betel leaf combined with areca nut is known as betel quid pan masala (PM), and tobacco with areca nut, catechu and lime is pan masala (PMT) blended with gulkhand. These narcotics are popular among young and old individuals. A prima facia chemical analysis and a toxicity assessment of PM in mice were conducted to study the relationship between longtime consumption of PM and health hazards. Materials and Methods:Chemical analysis of different types of PM was done employing HPLC , GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS and sequential extraction for PAH, pesticides, metals and minerals, electrolytes, drugs and xenobiotics. Ethanolic PM extracts were tested by IP and PO routes in inbred Swiss mice.Results: PAH, which are known xenobiotics for pre-cancerous lesions, were significantly high (p<0.01) in Rajaniganda and Pan Parag Zarda. Isomers of DDT and BHC, which principally act on nerves and muscles, were also high (p<0.01) in PM. The enhanced metal and mineral content of PM results in massive oral fibrosis. There is a high level of narcotics in PM, especially nicotine, a potentially cancerous agent in the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion:Experimental studies with different extracts of plain and blended PM in mice fed for 16 and 90 days revealed no effect on blood and organ weights (kidney, heart, spleen and liver), but we did observe attenuated testis. However, in the bone marrow of the mice, chromosomes were most affected in the mice fed PM-Zarda blend for 3 months. The chromosomal abnormalities included ploidy, loss, breaks, gaps, deletions and exchanges in ring chromosomes. The PM caused sperm head anomalies (narrow, blunt, triangular and banana shapes), and the sperm were irregular, amorphous, tailless and rudimentary, with the maximum effect among the groups fed PM for 3 months. Significantly higher levels (p<0.01) of testis glycogen, cholesterol and protein were found. The group fed for 16 days showed no change in red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation counts.Key Words: Indian Pan Masala, Narcotics, Public health, Toxicity Özet Amaç: Areka fındık ile kombine betel yaprağı pan masala (PM) ve areka fındık ile tütün, pekiştirici ve kireç gulkhand ile harmanlanmış pan masala (PMT) olarak bilinir. Bunlar genç ve yaşlı bireyler arasında popüler uyuşturucu maddelerdir. PM bir toksisite değerlendirilmesi prima facia kimyasal analiz ve farelerde uzun zamandır PM tüketimi ve sağlık riskleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç: Deneysel çalışmalarda 16 ve 90 gün boyunca beslenen farelerde düz ve karışımlı PM farklı özlerinin kan ve organ ağırlıkları (böbrek, kalp, dalak ve karaciğer) üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur, ancak ufalmış testis gözlemlemek mümkün olmuştur. Ancak, PM-Zarda karışımı ile 3 ay boyunca beslenen farelerin kemik iliğinde, kromozomlar büyük oranda etkilenmiştir. Kromozom anomalilerine ploidi, kayıp, boşluk, silinme ve halka kromozomlar içerisinde değişim dahildir. PM sperm baş anomalileri (dar, künt, üçgen ve muz ...

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Role of Lime in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Betel-Quid Ingredients

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers

Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers

Alcohol, tobacco and paan use and understanding of oral cancer risk among Asian males in Leicester

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

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