The accumulation of hexachlorocyclohexane, one of the most commonly used chlorinated insecticides, was studied in a high-risk group of people who are exposed during its manufacturing process. The serum HCH concentration was estimated by quantitating its alpha, beta, gamma and delta-isomers with the help of GLC analysis. Exposed workers involved in maintenance work were found to have 3 times higher HCH residues than the controls, while in the plant operators and supervisors the levels were 5 times higher. The most severely exposed were the handlers who are in direct contact with the insecticide. The level of serum HCH residues in them was found to be about 12 times higher than those in the controls. The percentage composition of the insecticide, with respect to the different isomers, varied up to 20% for the gamma-isomer, up to 30% for alpha-isomer and had between 60%-100% of the beta-isomer in the samples. The serum levels of the insecticides were clearly related to the workers' job-related close contact, intensity, frequency, and the duration of their exposure. The total of HCH residues in the sera studied were in the range of 0.143-1.152 ppm. The importance of these findings and the relevant protective measures are discussed.
Objective: Betel leaf combined with areca nut is known as betel quid pan masala (PM), and tobacco with areca nut, catechu and lime is pan masala (PMT) blended with gulkhand. These narcotics are popular among young and old individuals. A prima facia chemical analysis and a toxicity assessment of PM in mice were conducted to study the relationship between longtime consumption of PM and health hazards. Materials and Methods:Chemical analysis of different types of PM was done employing HPLC , GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS and sequential extraction for PAH, pesticides, metals and minerals, electrolytes, drugs and xenobiotics. Ethanolic PM extracts were tested by IP and PO routes in inbred Swiss mice.Results: PAH, which are known xenobiotics for pre-cancerous lesions, were significantly high (p<0.01) in Rajaniganda and Pan Parag Zarda. Isomers of DDT and BHC, which principally act on nerves and muscles, were also high (p<0.01) in PM. The enhanced metal and mineral content of PM results in massive oral fibrosis. There is a high level of narcotics in PM, especially nicotine, a potentially cancerous agent in the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion:Experimental studies with different extracts of plain and blended PM in mice fed for 16 and 90 days revealed no effect on blood and organ weights (kidney, heart, spleen and liver), but we did observe attenuated testis. However, in the bone marrow of the mice, chromosomes were most affected in the mice fed PM-Zarda blend for 3 months. The chromosomal abnormalities included ploidy, loss, breaks, gaps, deletions and exchanges in ring chromosomes. The PM caused sperm head anomalies (narrow, blunt, triangular and banana shapes), and the sperm were irregular, amorphous, tailless and rudimentary, with the maximum effect among the groups fed PM for 3 months. Significantly higher levels (p<0.01) of testis glycogen, cholesterol and protein were found. The group fed for 16 days showed no change in red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation counts.Key Words: Indian Pan Masala, Narcotics, Public health, Toxicity Özet Amaç: Areka fındık ile kombine betel yaprağı pan masala (PM) ve areka fındık ile tütün, pekiştirici ve kireç gulkhand ile harmanlanmış pan masala (PMT) olarak bilinir. Bunlar genç ve yaşlı bireyler arasında popüler uyuşturucu maddelerdir. PM bir toksisite değerlendirilmesi prima facia kimyasal analiz ve farelerde uzun zamandır PM tüketimi ve sağlık riskleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç: Deneysel çalışmalarda 16 ve 90 gün boyunca beslenen farelerde düz ve karışımlı PM farklı özlerinin kan ve organ ağırlıkları (böbrek, kalp, dalak ve karaciğer) üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur, ancak ufalmış testis gözlemlemek mümkün olmuştur. Ancak, PM-Zarda karışımı ile 3 ay boyunca beslenen farelerin kemik iliğinde, kromozomlar büyük oranda etkilenmiştir. Kromozom anomalilerine ploidi, kayıp, boşluk, silinme ve halka kromozomlar içerisinde değişim dahildir. PM sperm baş anomalileri (dar, künt, üçgen ve muz ...
Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical DDT (1) orally with the diet or by intubation; (2) subcutaneously and (3) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Toxic manifestations of DDT were observed in treated mice in the form of tremor, convulsions and corneal opacity usually after 40 weeks. Oral and subcutaneous DDT treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of tumours mainly of lymphoid tissues, lung and liver. The highest tumour incidence was recorded in the group of mice receiving DDT by subcutaneous injections. Males and females were equally susceptible. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in the painted group.
Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical BHC (1) orally with the diet or by intubation and (2) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Symptoms of intoxication in the form of convulsions and tendency of circling in one direction with drooping ears were observed alongwith corneal opacity 40 weeks after the experiment. Oral BHC treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of liver tumours and tumours of lymphoreticular tissue. Males and females were equally susceptible. Skin painting of mice did not significantly increase the incidence of tumour.
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