Role of Group Membership in Evaluations of Warmth and Competence

Hack, Tay; Goodwin, Stephanie A.

doi:10.1037/e654132007-001

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“…Also as predicted, the more negative effects of higher masking on ratings of supportiveness and interest in beginning new relationships were more pronounced for women than for men with PD, supporting Tickle-Degnen, Ma, and Huang’s (2008) finding that facial masking was especially detrimental to women with PD when practitioners evaluated socioemotional competence. These results are consistent with the literature showing that cues, such as smiling, eye contact, and nodding that are altered or reduced by facial masking (Pentland, 1991), are associated with perceptions of warmth and caring (DePaulo, 1992; Hack & Carlston, 2008) and with social norms suggesting that femininity is characterized by emotional expressivity, sensitivity, and nurturing (Deaux, 1995; DePaulo, 1992; Diekman & Goodfriend, 2006; Tickle-Degnen & Ma, 2008). The sex and facial masking interactions could reflect observers’ concerns about reciprocity, specifically whether an individual is likely to repay their efforts, which may be more salient when considering women as social partners because women are perceived as more likely to engage in reciprocal relationships in general.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The influence of facial masking and sex on older adults’ impressions of individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Hemmesch

Tickle-Degnen

Zebrowitz

2009

Psychology and Aging

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Parkinson's disease (PD) involves facial masking, which may impair social interaction. Older adult observers who viewed segments of videotaped interviews with individuals with PD expressed less interest in relationships with women with higher masking and judged them as less supportive. Masking did not affect ratings of men in these domains, possibly because higher masking violates gender norms for expressivity in women but not in men. Observers formed less accurate ratings of the social supportiveness and social strain of women than men, and higher masking decreased accuracy for ratings of strain. Results suggest that some of the problems with social relationships in PD may be due to inaccurate impressions and reduced desire to interact with individuals with higher masking, especially women. KeywordsParkinson's disease; first impressions; social support; social strain; older adults Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1.5 million individuals in the United States alone (National Parkinson Foundation, 2008), most of whom are older adults. PD is characterized by difficulties controlling movement including akinesia, tremor, and rigidity (Lang & Lozano, 1998), but may also include other problems such as cognitive impairment, depression, difficulty sleeping, and pain (Weintraub, Comella, & Horn, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c. Because the movement difficulties are not specific to gross motor movements, individuals with PD may also experience challenges controlling the musculature of the face and mouth, resulting in problems with communication. In fact, social relationships and communication problems are common complaints among individuals with PD (Schreurs, DeRidder, & Bensing, 2000), potentially affecting relationships with family, friends, and health care professionals. The aim of the current study was to examine the potential influence of facial masking on social interactions between older adults with PD and their age peers and how these effects may differ by observer and target sex. The study of relationships with peers is important because they may be fundamental to well-being (Pinquart & Sörenson, 2000), and because they are Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/journals/pag. With increasing levels of facial masking, the face becomes rigid and fixed and spontaneous expression is impaired (Simons, Pasqualini, Reddy, & Wood, 2004;. This impairment can appear similar to the unresponsive face of dementia or the flat affect of depression (Schrag et al., 2007;Shulman, Taback, Rabinstein, & Weiner, 2002), posing challenges to suc...

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