“…The neuronal functions of GRP78 have been investigated in various central nervous system (CNS) disease models, including ischemic insults ( Wang et al, 1993 ; Aoki et al, 2001 ; Ito et al, 2001 ; Shibata et al, 2003 ; Tajiri et al, 2004 ; Oida et al, 2008 ; Osada et al, 2010 ), epileptic seizures ( Wang et al, 1993 ; Chen et al, 2013 ), spinal cord injury ( Penas et al, 2007 , 2011 ; Ohri et al, 2012 ; Matsuyama et al, 2014 ), diabetic encephalopathy ( Zhao et al, 2015 ), and experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage ( Liu et al, 2016 ). GRP78 overexpression can have a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the unfolded protein response, promoting autophagy, buffering calcium unbalance, and activating pro-survival signaling pathways ( Ouyang et al, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ; Casas, 2017 ).…”