Role of genetic factors and environmental conditions in recombinant protein production for molecular farming

The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B

“…Although vaccination is one of the most powerful and cost-competitive achievements, some vaccines may still have certain limitations related to maintenance of the cold chain, downstream processing costs, administration risk, and expensive scalability [13,14,15,16,17]. From these reasons, the use of plant cells as alternative production platforms have received considerable attention in terms of intrinsic safety, scalability, and posttranslational modification of target proteins [17,18].…”

Production of Recombinant Anti-Cancer Vaccines in Plants

“…Whole plant expression platforms, including stable transgenic and transient plant systems, are in vivo systems. In these systems, environmental cultivation conditions such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients in the air and soil should be properly controlled, as they affect vaccine protein production levels and their functionality (Jamal et al ., 2009). Although transgenic or transiently expressing plants are generally cultivated in containment greenhouses or chamber rooms, plants can be grown under variable microenvironment conditions that may enable pathogen infections, with consequences for plant biomass, transgene expression, and quality control of plant-derived vaccines (Jamal et al ., 2009).…”

“…In these systems, environmental cultivation conditions such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients in the air and soil should be properly controlled, as they affect vaccine protein production levels and their functionality (Jamal et al ., 2009). Although transgenic or transiently expressing plants are generally cultivated in containment greenhouses or chamber rooms, plants can be grown under variable microenvironment conditions that may enable pathogen infections, with consequences for plant biomass, transgene expression, and quality control of plant-derived vaccines (Jamal et al ., 2009). Thus, several institutes, including the Center for Molecular Biotechnology (Fraunhofer USA, Newark, DE, USA) and the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA), as well as companies, such as Kentucky BioProcessing (Owensboro, KY, USA) and Medicago (Quebec, Canada), use greenhouse complexes in which internal conditions are controlled and external pollutants and insects are excluded, consistent with Current Good Manufacturing Practice standards, as well as employing recombinant protein purification.…”

“…For recombinant protein yield, the factors of strong expression promoter, codon choice, and subcellular localization (Jamal et al ., 2009; Lee et al ., 2013) have been optimized. For glycosylation humanization, studies have explored the removal of glycosylation reactions for xylosyltransferase and fucosyltransferase by knock-out/knock-down approaches using RNAi technology (Loos and Steinkellner, 2014) and the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein-9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) system for plant genome editing, as well as introduction of human glycosylation enzymes such as sialic acid transferases and galactosyltransferase using transient and stable transformations (Strasser et al ., 2007; Dicker et al ., 2016).…”

Transgenic Plants as Biofactories for the Production of Biopharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Human Placental Lactogen

“…The stability of foreign protein in plants grown in the field is very important because it determines the homogeneity of the product. The most important environmental factors are light, temperature, soil (nutrients), water and insect attacks (Jamal et al, 2009). Most of these factors can be controlled to greater or lesser extent for plants cultivated in the glasshouse.…”