Role of gastrocnemius–soleus muscle in forefoot force transmission at heel rise — A 3D finite element analysis

Plantar pressure relief under the metatarsal heads – Therapeutic insole design using three-dimensional finite element model of the foot

“…This resulted in a final mesh with characteristic edge length of 2.3 mm used in the current model. The FE model was previously validated for plantar pressure distributions and metatarsal bone strains, and has been described in detail elsewhere (Chen et al, 2010(Chen et al, , 2012.…”

“…This loading protocol has previously been established in our foot FE model (Chen et al, 2012), which mimicked the manipulations in a cadaveric foot model conducted by Sharkey et al (1995). In brief, a targeted maximum vertical GRF (i.e., 623.1 N for a subject with a body mass of 60.5 kg) was generated solely by contracting plantar flexors at a prescribed kinematic configuration corresponding to the push-off phase in gait (Fig.…”

Minimum indentation depth for characterization of 2nd sub-metatarsal head and heel pad tissue properties

“…The variable mechanical properties of plantar soft tissue depend on the extent of tissue deformation (Chao et al, 2010) as well as the configuration of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) (Garcia et al, 2008), specifically for the forefoot region. Non-linear tissue behavior has also been observed when plantar soft tissue deforms during gait (Chen et al, 2010a(Chen et al, , 2010b(Chen et al, , 2012Garcia et al, 2008). In particular, Klaesner et al (2001) showed that different elastic stiffness values are obtained for different depths of indentation.…”

Computational Models of the Foot and Ankle for Pathomechanics and Clinical Applications: A Review

“…With the advancement of computational and modeling techniques, 3D FE models of the foot and ankle complex were developed with the representation of the majority of anatomical characteristics and complicated connection behaviors 15,20,43,45,51,55 for a more delicate exploration of foot biomechanics. These models were reconstructed from computed tomography or magnetic resonance images and could replicate anatomical contours of foot segments, as shown in Fig.…”