Role of Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) in Resistance to Cadmium Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes

Abstract

The impact of heavy metal, i.e., cadmium (Cd), on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidants machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ions uptake, organic acids exudation, and ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes (Shan 63 and Lu 9803) were investigated with and without the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). Two O. sativa genotypes were grown under different levels of CdCl2 [0 (no Cd), 50 and 100 µM] and then treated with exogenously supplemented ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) [0 (no Fe), 50 and 100 µM] for 21 days. The results revealed that Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) affected plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, affected antioxidant machinery, sugar contents, and ions uptake/accumulation, and destroy the ultra-structure of many membranous bounded organelles. The findings also showed that Cd toxicity induces oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also manifested by increasing the enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin) and organic acids exudation pattern in both O. sativa genotypes. At the same time, the results also elucidated that the O. sativa genotypes Lu 9803 are more tolerant to Cd stress than Shan 63. Although, results also illustrated that the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) also decreased Cd toxicity in both O. sativa genotypes by increasing antioxidant capacity and thus improved the plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, and decrease oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of O. sativa genotypes. Here, we conclude that the exogenous supplementation of FeSO4 under short-term exposure of Cd stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, regulate antioxidant defense system, and essential nutrients uptake and maintained the ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles in O. sativa genotypes.

Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage

“…The increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was concomitant with the generation of extra ROS [62,72,73]. It was also reported that increases in the activities of various antioxidant enzymes under environmental stress conditions are due to the reduction in glutathione con-tents [74,75]. In the current experiment, oxidative stress biomarkers were enhanced in maize seedlings cultivated in a minimal water containing environment (Figure 5), while the water deficient environment also increased the antioxidants activity in drought, with respect to the control seedlings (Figure 6).…”

Blood, Hair and Feces as an Indicator of Environmental Exposure of Sheep, Cow and Buffalo to Cobalt: A Health Risk Perspectives

“…Cobalt is a vital trace metal, required by some specific plants for certain biochemical attributes and metabolism [14]. Some reports showed its importance in the legumes for root functions and biological nitrogen fixation via root nodules [15]. Small quantities of Co might be beneficial for plants and animals; however, higher concentration is toxic for the plant-soil-water-animal nexus that can produce adverse effects.…”

Ovalbumin and Kappa-Carrageenan Mixture Suppresses the Oxidative and Structural Changes in the Myofibrillar Proteins of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Frozen Storage

“…Ca 2+ -ATPase activity is another key analysis to examine the integrity of protein molecules during frozen storage [ 2 , 27 , 28 ]. Figure 2 shows the Ca 2+ -ATPase activity of all MP samples during frozen storage.…”