Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Tumorigenesis

Abstract

Emerging evidence demonstrates a role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a variety of fundamental physiological and pathological processes ranging from antigen presentation to T cell to neurodegenerative diseases. In several types of malignancies, a variety of EVs can be isolated from bodily fluids of cancer patients, and it has been reported that the number of circulating EVs seems to be higher than in healthy subjects. This increase correlates with poor prognosis. Data obtained from different groups clearly point out a role of EVs in the transfer of bioactive molecules such as microRNAs and viral oncoproteins in human papillomavirus-induced malignancies of genital and oral tracts. This study summarizes these data in the context of relevant literature considering the EVs as carriers of oncogenic signatures in human cancer as well as their therapeutic potential in HPV-related tumors.

Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV‐mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review

“…Exosomes are being increasingly examined as delivery vehicles for small molecule drugs, and large biological medications and in some disease situations. Exosomes have advantages of stability, bio‐compatibility, low immunogenicity and the ability to be externally loaded with a cargo . Exosomes have acceptable stability for storage and shipping, which are basic features required for drug delivery vehicles, and represent a cell‐free and manageable system.…”

“…Exosomes have acceptable stability for storage and shipping, which are basic features required for drug delivery vehicles, and represent a cell‐free and manageable system. Recently, researchers have explored exosomes for the delivery of small interfering RNAs, miRNAs, short hairpin RNAs and anti‐inflammatory or anticancer drugs such as curcumin, paclitaxel or doxorubicin . Studies in a mouse model showed that exosomes with HPV‐specific activity could be helpful in CC immunotherapy (Figure ) .…”

“…Exosomes have advantages of stability, bio-compatibility, low immunogenicity and the ability to be externally loaded with a cargo. 146 Exosomes have acceptable stability for storage and shipping, which are basic features required for drug delivery vehicles, and represent a cell-free and manageable system. Recently, researchers have explored exosomes for the delivery of small interfering RNAs, miRNAs, short hairpin RNAs and anti-inflammatory or anticancer drugs such as curcumin, paclitaxel or doxorubicin.…”

“…Recently, researchers have explored exosomes for the delivery of small interfering RNAs, miRNAs, short hairpin RNAs and anti-inflammatory or anticancer drugs such as curcumin, paclitaxel or doxorubicin. 146 Studies in a mouse model showed that exosomes with HPV-specific activity could be helpful in CC immunotherapy (Figure 3). 147 Proteins expressed on the surface membrane of exosomes, could be used as carriers to deliver the remaining proteins within the exosomes.…”

Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy to Study the Formation of Nanoparticles on Red Blood Cell Surface in Cervical Cancer Patients

“…(6) EVs typically range from 30nm to 2,000 nm in diameter (7) and can be broadly classified into exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, according to their biogenesis. (7,8) While microvesicles and apoptotic bodies arise through direct blebbing off the membrane of a normal or apoptotic cell, respectively, exosomes are generated through the endolysosomal pathway. (7) Existing research recognises that an increased abundance of exosomes in cancer patients' blood (9,10) may play a role in the so-called cancer "field effect," in which cancer cells induce malignant changes in the surrounding healthy cells.…”