Role of evaporitic sulfates in iron skarn mineralization: a fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope study from the Xishimen deposit, Handan-Xingtai district, North China Craton

Wen, Guang; Bi, Shi-Jian; Li, Jianwei

doi:10.1007/s00126-016-0674-8

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…They are porphyry-or skarn-type deposits. The deposits are related to the Mesozoic dioritic intrusions and occur in the intrusions or the Paleozoic carbonate strata (Shen et al, 2012;Deng et al, 2015;Wen et al, 2017). The Mo and Cu (and Au) deposits are mainly porphyry, skarn or hydrothermal types.…”

Section: Characteristics and Ages Of Gold And Other Metal Deposits In The Nccmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The iron deposits in the western Shandong area and Taihang Mountains are genetically related to the Early Cretaceous diorites and are the result of fractional crystallization of the dioritic magmas or interaction between wall rocks and magmatic water degassed from the dioritic magmas. The ore-forming materials were mainly derived from the dioritic magmas (Shen et al, 2012;Wen et al, 2017). Porphyry copper, gold and molybdenum deposits are also closely associated with Jurassic granitic porphyry, and are the result of interaction between the wall rocks and magmatic fluids derived from dehydration of intermediate to felsic magmas at shallow crustal depths (Qin et al, 1999;Ge et al, 2007;Zeng et al, 2013;Duan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Sources Of Ore-forming Materials and Metallogenic Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geodynamics of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization in the North China Craton

Yang

Sun

et al. 2021

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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The North China Craton (NCC) experienced strong destruction (i.e., decratonization) during the Mesozoic, which triggered intensive magmatism, tectonism and thermal events and formed large-scale gold and other metal deposits in the eastern part of the craton. However, how the decratonization controls the formation and distribution of large-scale of gold and other metal deposits is not very clear. Based on a large number of published data and new results, this paper systematically summarizes all the data for the rock assemblages, chronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesozoic magmatic rocks, as well as for the mineralizing ages of gold and other metal deposits and the evolution of the Mesozoic basins in the eastern NCC. The results are used to restore the extensional rates of Mesozoic to Cenozoic basins and the strike-slip distance of the Tanlu Fault, to ascertain the location of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction zones during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic, and to reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of Mesozoic gold and other metal deposits and magmatic rocks in the eastern NCC. It is obtained that the magmatism and mineralization in the eastern NCC westward migrate from east to west during the Early to Middle Jurassic, but they eastward migrate from west to east during the Early Cretaceous. The metallogenesis of these deposits is genetically related to magmatism, and the magmas provided some ore-forming materials and fluids for the generation of metal deposits. The geodynamic mechanism of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization is proposed, i.e., the westward low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath the NCC formed continental magmatic arc with plenty of porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the Jurassic, similar to the Andean continental arc in South America. The mantle wedge was metasomatized by the fluids/melts derived from the subducting slab, laying a material foundation for hydrothermal mineralization in the Early Cretaceous. While the rollback of the subducting slab with gradually increasing subduction angle and the retreat of the subduction zones during the Early Cretaceous induced strong destruction of the craton and the formation of extensive magmatic rocks and large-scale gold and other metal deposits.

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Section: Characteristics and Ages Of Gold And Other Metal Deposits In The Nccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Ore-forming Materials and Metallogenic Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geodynamics of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization in the North China Craton

Yang

Sun

et al. 2021

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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“…Integrated studies of the host sedimentary rocks, reserves of anhydrite, and sulfur and He-Ar isotopes have indicated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of Fe skarn deposits involved a greater contribution from evaporitic sedimentary rocks as compared with Cu-Fe skarn deposits (Xie et al, 2015(Xie et al, , 2016. Some evaporitic sedimentary components are involved in the formation of Fe skarn deposits from southeastern Pennsylvania (Rose et al, 1985), and the Han -Xing ore districts, East China (Wen et al, 2017), as well as in the magnetite-apatite deposits of the MLYRB (Zhou et al, 2014). Several lines of evidence including metal zonation, Cu-Au-Bi-Te mineral assemblages, geochronology, and C-O-S sulfur isotopes support genetical linkage of distal Au-Tl mineralization in carbonate rocks with the Cu-Au skarn mineralization in the Edongnan region (Xie et al, 2019;Han et al, 2020).…”

Section: Mineral Deposit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Deposit Model of Cu–Fe–Au Skarn System in the Edongnan Region, Eastern China

Xie

Mao

Zhu

et al. 2020

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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Cu and Fe skarns are the world's most abundant and largest skarn type deposits, especially in China, and Au‐rich skarn deposits have received much attention in the past two decades and yet there are few papers focused on schematic mineral deposit models of Cu–Fe–Au skarn systems. Three types of Au‐rich deposits are recognized in the Edongnan region, Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt: ∼140 Ma Cu–Au and Au–Cu skarn deposits and distal Au–Tl deposits. 137–148 Ma Cu–Fe and 130–133 Ma Fe skarn deposits are recognized in the Edongnan region. The Cu–Fe skarn deposits have a greater contribution of mantle components than the Fe skarn deposits, and the hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of the Fe skarn deposits involved a greater contribution from evaporitic sedimentary rocks compared to Cu–Fe skarn deposits. The carbonate‐hosted Au–Tl deposits in the Edongnan region are interpreted as distal products of Cu–Au skarn mineralization. A new schematic mineral deposit model of the Cu–Fe–Au skarn system is proposed to illustrate the relationship between the Cu–Fe–Au skarn mineralization, the evaporitic sedimentary rocks, and distal Au–Tl deposits. This model has important implications for the exploration for carbonate–hosted Au–Tl deposits in the more distal parts of Cu–Au skarn systems, and Fe skarn deposits with the occurrence of gypsum‐bearing host sedimentary rocks in the MLYRB, and possibly elsewhere.

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“…Sulfur can be used to trace the environment from which the ores precipitated, and the presence of multiple sulfur isotopic compositions indicates an ancient external source for the sulfur of the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit. As shown in Table S1 from [137], sulfides from iron oxide-dominated deposits have relatively high δ 34 S values ranging from −7.9% to +30% , which are interpreted to represent evaporite-sourced sulfur. Therefore, the high sulfur isotopic features of the sulfide and sulfate minerals in the Zhaoanhzhuang deposit are probably derived from the evaporites.…”

Section: The Source Of Sulfur and The Role Of Anhydrite In Mineralizamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many iron oxide ores, including skarns, iron oxide-apatite (IOA), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, are associated with gypsum beds, which are interpreted to have played a critical role in the formation of iron oxide ore deposits by providing a major oxidizing agent [125,137,138]. The anhydrite in the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit could be a pristine mineral, along with earlier dolomite, apatite, and calcite, which triggered the formation of abundant Fe 3+ and relatively little Fe 2+ in favor of magnetite precipitation.…”

Section: The Source Of Sulfur and The Role Of Anhydrite In Mineralizamentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Isotope (S, Mg, B) Constraints on the Origin of the Early Precambrian Zhaoanzhuang Serpentine-Magnetite Deposit, Southern North China Craton

Meng

et al. 2019

Minerals

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The origin of the Zhaoanzhuang serpentine-magnetite deposit in the southern North China Craton (NCC) is highly disputed, with some investigators having proposed an ultramafic origin, whereas others favor a chemical sedimentary origin. These discrepancies are largely due to the difficulty in determining the protolithic characteristics of the highly metamorphosed rocks. Sulfur, magnesium, and boron isotope geochemistry combined with detailed petrography was carried out in this study to constrain the original composition of the Zhaoanzhuang iron orebodies. Anhydrite is present as coarse crystals intergrown with magnetite, indicating that the anhydrite formed simultaneously with the magnetite during metamorphism rather than as a product of later hydrothermal alteration. The anhydrite has a narrow range of positive δ34S values from +19.8 to +22.5‰ with a mean value of +21.1‰. These values are significantly higher than that of typical magmatic sulfur (δ34S = 0 ± 5‰) and deviate away from primary igneous anhydrite towards mantle-sulfur isotopic values, but they are similar to those of marine evaporitic anhydrite and gypsum (~+21‰). The sulfur isotopic compositions of several samples show obvious signs of mass-independent sulfur fractionation (Δ33S = −0.47‰ to +0.90‰), suggesting that they were influenced by an external sulfur source through a photochemical reaction at low oxygen concentrations, which is consistent with the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic atmosphere. Coarse-grained tourmaline from the tourmaline-rich interlayers of the orebodies occurs closely with Mg-rich minerals such as phlogopite, talc, and diopside, indicating that it has a metamorphic origin. The δ11B values of the tourmaline range from −0.2‰ to +3.6‰ with a mean value of +2.0‰, which is much positive relative to that of magmatic tourmaline but is consistent with that of carbonate-derived tourmaline. The magnesium isotopic analyses of the serpentine–magnetite ores and the magnesium-rich wall rocks revealed a wide range of very negative δ26Mg values from −1.20‰ to −0.34‰ with an average value of −0.80‰. The value is higher than that of ultramafic rocks (δ26Mg = −0.25‰) and exhibits minor Mg isotopic fractionation. However, these values are consistent with those of marine carbonate rocks, which have lower δ26Mg values and larger Mg isotopic variations (δ26Mg = −0.45‰ to −4.5‰). Collectively, the S–Mg–B isotopic characteristics of the Zhaoanzhuang iron orebodies clearly indicate a chemical sedimentary origin. The protoliths of these orebodies most likely reflect a series of Fe–Si–Mg-rich marine carbonate rocks with a considerable evaporite component, indicating a carbonate-rich superior-type banded iron formation precipitated in an evaporitic shallow marine sedimentary environment.

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Role of evaporitic sulfates in iron skarn mineralization: a fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope study from the Xishimen deposit, Handan-Xingtai district, North China Craton

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

Geodynamics of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization in the North China Craton

Geodynamics of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization in the North China Craton

Mineral Deposit Model of Cu–Fe–Au Skarn System in the Edongnan Region, Eastern China

Stable Isotope (S, Mg, B) Constraints on the Origin of the Early Precambrian Zhaoanzhuang Serpentine-Magnetite Deposit, Southern North China Craton

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