Role of diet and gut microbiota on colorectal cancer immunomodulation

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and it is characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations, as well as by inflammatory cell infiltration among malignant and stromal cells. However, this dynamic infiltration can be influenced by the microenvironment to promote tumor proliferation, survival and metastasis or cancer inhibition. In particular, the cancer microenvironment metabolites can regulate the inflammatory cells to induce a chronic inflammatory response that can be a predisposing condition for CRC retention. In addition, some nutritional components might contribute to a chronic inflammatory condition by regulating various immune and inflammatory pathways. Besides that, diet strongly modulates the gut microbiota composition, which has a key role in maintaining gut homeostasis and is associated with the modulation of host inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, diet has a fundamental role in CRC initiation, progression and prevention. In particular, functional foods such as probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics can have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition and have anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we discuss the influence of diet on gut microbiota composition, focusing on its role on gut inflammation and immunity. Finally, we describe the potential benefits of using probiotics and prebiotics to modulate the host inflammatory response, as well as its application in CRC prevention and treatment.

The effects of growth hormone on therapy resistance in cancer

“…Increasing volume of research has started to make researchers cognizant of the role that the gut microbiota exerts in determining the efficacy of several classes of drugs including anti-cancer therapeutics [206,207] . The delineation of good versus bad microbiome in the context of different cancers [208,209] is gradually being clarified; while we do not know yet how GH excess, deficit, or resistance affects the gut microbiota [210] and its response in cancer and other disease sets. This unexplored area of research can provide vital clues not only for cancer therapy, but also for metabolic dysfunctions like obesity, insulin resistance, and gastrointestinal pathologies.…”

Distinct Types of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Hospitalized Gastroenterological Patients Are Disease Non-related and Characterized With the Predominance of Either Enterobacteriaceae or Enterococcus

“…Microbiota association with gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Ni et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2019), colorectal cancer (Kelly et al, 2018;De Almeida et al, 2019), and different infections (Lazar et al, 2018) has been extensively investigated. Usually the research is focused on the characterization of the bacterial community; however the remaining members of gut microbiota such as viruses (Kernbauer et al, 2014;Norman et al, 2015), archaea (Chehoud et al, 2015;Lewis et al, 2015), and especially fungi (mycobiota) (Liguori et al, 2016;Sokol et al, 2016) have been lately gaining in recognition.…”

Soy Metabolism by Gut Microbiota from Patients with Precancerous Intestinal Lesions

“…As a confirmation of what has been reported about the influence of diet on cancer incidence, if ever necessary, strong epidemiological studies report significant differences in CRC incidence among ethnic groups having different nutritional habits, which, in turn, can modulate gut microbiota composition [22,23]. Lower CRC incidences in Far Eastern countries has partly been attributed to high nutritional intake of soy and its abundance in isoflavones.…”