Distinct Types of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Hospitalized Gastroenterological Patients Are Disease Non-related and Characterized With the Predominance of Either Enterobacteriaceae or Enterococcus

Abstract

Typical disease-associated microbiota changes are widely studied as potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Our aim was to analyze a hospitalized cohort including various gastroenterological pathologies in order to fine-map the gut microbiota dysbiosis. Bacterial (V3 V4) and fungal (ITS2) communities were determined in 121 hospitalized gastrointestinal patients from a single ward and compared to 162 healthy controls. Random Forest models implemented in this study indicated that the gut community structure is in most cases not sufficient to differentiate the subjects based on their underlying disease. Instead, hospitalized patients in our study formed three distinct disease non-related clusters (C1, C2, and C3), partially explained by antibiotic use. Majority of the subjects (cluster C1) closely resembled healthy controls, showing only mild signs of community disruption; most significantly decreased in this cluster were Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. The remaining two clusters (C2 and C3) were characterized by severe signs of dysbiosis; cluster C2 was associated with an increase in Enterobacteriaceae and cluster C3 by an increase in Enterococcus. According to the cluster affiliation, subjects also showed different degrees of inflammation, most prominent was the positive correlation between levels of C-reactive protein and the abundance of Enterococcus.

Gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease

“…have confirmed that bacterial and fungal alterations of the gut microbiota, which are often reported to be disease-specific, such as a decrease of Faecalibacterium and an increase in E. coli, Enterococci and Candida, are often found in a broader population of hospitalized patients with different diseases and also in healthy controls (41). Furthermore, the authors showed a prominent correlation between levels of C-reactive protein and the abundance of Enterococcus.…”

“…which the severity of the disorder was correlated with specific microbial patterns, the degree of inflammation and, to some extent, the use of antibiotics (41). Specifically, the clinical examples of gut microbiota interventions for CVD can be divided into multiple groups: 1) dietary interventions;…”

Dynamics of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Gut Microbiota Throughout the Overwintering Period in Canada

“…and Pantoea sp. Strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae are often associated with gastrointestinal diseases in mammals [ 35 , 36 ]. In the honeybee, the Enterobacteriaceae family is positively correlated with gut dysbiosis [ 33 ] and unhealthy colonies [ 37 ].…”

Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides

“…Through the production of small-molecule metabolites that benefit their hosts, these microbes have also been shown to shape mammalian immunity ( Moossavi and Bishehsari, 2019 ). When normal microbial homeostasis is disrupted, a range of serious metabolic disorders and diseases such as cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can develop ( Mahnic et al., 2020 ; Ray and Dittel, 2015 ; Salguero et al., 2019 ), indicating that microbial dysbiosis can compromise normal immunological functionality. These microbes also serve as important regulators of mucosal barrier repair in the intestines ( Okumura and Takeda, 2017 , 2018 ), further supporting anti-pathogen defenses within their hosts ( Guan et al., 2019 ; Ubeda et al., 2017 ).…”