“…Sterile inflammation otherwise known as chronic low level or pathogen-free inflammation can also be induced by some sterile stimuli such as certain environmental cues, ischemia, mechanical trauma, and stress. These stimuli lead to the secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are responsible for the activation of some innate immune effectors such as families of NOD-like and toll-like receptors ( Feldman et al, 2015 , Land, 2020 , Relja and Land, 2020 ). The prolonged inflammation is also linked to the overproduction of mediators such as inducible type cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukins (IL 1β, IL-6, IL-8), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) by the pro-inflammatory and immune cells such as macrophages and monocytes ( Fig.…”