Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes

Cefalu, William T.; Hu, Frank B.

doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2741

Cited by 507 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Dietary deficiency in chromium has been shown to be positively associated with the risk of diabetes (9). Consistently, reduced levels of chromium have been documented in diabetic subjects with existing cardiovascular diseases (10,11). Clinical trials have indicated that supplementation with chromium chloride or low-molecular weight complexes of chromium can lower blood glucose levels in the diabetic patient (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

Dong

Yang

Nair

et al. 2007

Obesity

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DONG, FENG, XIAOPING YANG, NAIR SREEJAYAN, AND JUN REN. Chromium (D-phenylalanine) 3 improves obesity-induced cardiac contractile defect in ob/ob mice. Obesity. 2007;15:2699 -2711. Objective: Low-molecular weight chromium compounds, such as chromium picolinate [Cr(pic) 3 ], improve insulin sensitivity, although toxicity is a concern. We synthesized a novel chromium complex, chromium (D-phenylalanine) 3 [Cr(D-phe) 3 ], in an attempt to improve insulin sensitivity with reduced toxicity. The aim of this study was to compare the two chromium compounds on cardiac contractile function in ob/ob obese mice. Research Methods and Procedures: C57BL lean and ob/ob obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: H 2 O, Cr(D-phe) 3 , or Cr(pic) 3 (45 g/kg per day orally for 6 months). Results:The glucose tolerance test displayed improved glucose clearance by Cr(D-phe) 3 but not Cr(pic) 3 . Myocytes from ob/ob mice exhibited depressed peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (ϮdL/ dt), prolonged time-to-PS and time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), reduced electrically stimulated rise in intracellular Ca 2ϩ (⌬fura-2 fluorescence intensity), and slowed intracellular Ca 2ϩ decay. Although a 3-month Cr(D-phe) 3 treatment for a separate group of ob/ob and lean 2-month-old mice only rectified reduced ϮdL/dt in ob/ob mice, all mechanical and intracellular Ca 2ϩ abnormalities were significantly attenuated or ablated by 6 months of Cr(D-phe) 3 but not Cr(pic) 3 treatment (except TR90). Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2ϩ ATPase activity and Na ϩ -Ca 2ϩ exchanger expression were depressed in ob/ob mice, which were reversed by both Cr(D-phe) 3 and Cr(pic) 3 , with a more pronounced effect from Cr(D-phe) 3 . Cr(D-phe) 3 corrected reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and improved basal phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor, as well as insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor in ob/ob myocytes. Heart homogenates from ob/ob mice had enhanced oxidative stress and protein carbonyl formation compared with the lean group, which were attenuated by both Cr(D-phe) 3 and Cr(pic) 3 . Discussion: Our data suggest that the new Cr(D-phe) 3 compound possesses better cardio-protective and insulin-sensitizing properties against obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

Dong

Yang

Nair

et al. 2007

Obesity

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“…The 1000 mg dose was chosen because it has been shown to be safe and effective in modifying blood sugar and insulin levels 18,29 and used in other clinical trials. 30 Subjects randomized to chromium picolinate were instructed to ingest a 500-mg capsule twice per day during the intervention period for a total ingestion of 1000 mg per day for 6 months.…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Chromium is an essential trace element and nutritional supplement that has garnered interest for use as a weight loss aid. 18 Purported benefits of supplementation include increased lean body mass, decreased body fat, and greater resting energy expenditure. 19 Chromium has been thought to be the active ingredient in glucose tolerance factor, a complex of molecules that includes glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, and chromium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Study of Chromium Picolinate for Weight Loss

Yazaki

Faridi

et al. 2010

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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Background: Chromium is an essential trace element and nutritional supplement that has garnered interest for use as a weight loss aid. Objective: This trial assesses the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation, alone and combined with nutritional education, on weight loss in apparently healthy overweight adults. Design: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 80 otherwise healthy, overweight adults assessed at baseline for central adiposity measured by computerized tomography. Subjects were randomly assigned to daily ingestion of 1000 mg of chromium picolinate or placebo for 24 weeks. All subjects received passive nutritional education at the 12-week point in both the intervention and control groups. Outcomes include weight, height, blood pressure, percent body fat, serum, and urinary biomarkers. Results: At baseline, both the chromium and placebo groups had similar mean body mass index (BMI) (chromium ¼ 36 AE 6.7 kg=m 2 versus placebo ¼ 36.1 AE 7.6 kg=m 2 ; p ¼ 0.98). After 12 weeks, no change was seen in BMI in the intervention as compared to placebo (chromium ¼ 0.3 AE 0.8 kg=m 2 versus placebo ¼ 0.0 AE 0.4 kg=m 2 ; p ¼ 0.07). No change was seen in BMI after 24 weeks in the intervention as compared to placebo (chromium ¼ 0.1 AE 0.2 kg=m 2 versus placebo ¼ 0.0 AE 0.5 kg=m 2 ; p ¼ 0.81). Variation in central adiposity did not affect any outcome measures. Conclusions: Supplementation of 1000 mg of chromium picolinate alone, and in combination with nutritional education, did not affect weight loss in this population of overweight adults. Response to chromium did not vary with central adiposity.

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“…The quality and quantity of macronutrients (especially fat and carbohydrates) are known to have an impact on the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, the role of micronutrients is not well established (1). Several studies have suggested a possible role of minerals such as magnesium (2,3), chromium (4,5), calcium (6), and iron (7) in insulin resistance or diabetes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Iron Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

et al. 2006

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OBJECTIVE -Epidemiological studies suggest that high body iron stores are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary intake of iron and the risk of type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We conducted a prospective cohort study within the Nurses' Health Study. We followed 85,031 healthy women aged 34 -59 years from 1980 to 2000. Dietary data were collected every 4 years, and data on medical history and lifestyle factors were updated biennially.RESULTS -During the 20 years of follow-up, we documented 4,599 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. We found no association between total, dietary, supplemental, or nonheme iron and the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, heme iron intake (derived from animal products) was positively associated with risk; relative risks (RRs) across increasing quintiles of cumulative intake were 1.00, 1.08 (95% CI 0.97-1.19), 1.20 (1.09 -1.33), 1.27 (1.14 -1.41), and 1.28 (1.14 -1.45) (P trend Ͻ 0.0001) after controlling for age, BMI, and other nondietary and dietary risk factors. In addition, when we modeled heme iron in seven categories, the multivariate RR comparing women who consumed Ն2.25 mg/day and those with intake Ͻ0.75 mg/day was 1.52 (1.22-1.88). The association between heme iron and the risk of diabetes was significant in both overweight and lean women.CONCLUSIONS -This large cohort study suggests that higher heme iron intake is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29:1370 -1376, 2006D iet and lifestyle play a major role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The quality and quantity of macronutrients (especially fat and carbohydrates) are known to have an impact on the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, the role of micronutrients is not well established (1). Several studies have suggested a possible role of minerals such as magnesium (2,3), chromium (4,5), calcium (6), and iron (7) in insulin resistance or diabetes.Iron is a transitional metal and a potential catalyst in many cellular reactions that produce reactive oxygen species. Such reactions contribute to tissue damage and increase oxidative stress, thereby potentially altering the risk of type 2 diabetes (8). Several studies have suggested a possible link between high body iron stores and metabolic parameters (9 -13) (serum insulin and glucose) as well as hyp e r t e n s i o n ( 9 , 1 4 ) , d y s l i p i d e m i a (9,15,16), and obesity (9,17). In addition, epidemiological studies have reported an association between high iron stores and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (18), metabolic syndrome (10,12,19), gestational diabetes (20,21), and type 2 diabetes (22-27). The major source of body iron is derived from the diet. Dietary iron exists as either heme (derived from meat and meat products) or nonheme iron. In two recent prospective cohort studies (28,29), intake of total or nonheme iron was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but heme iron was associated with elevated risk. Th...

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Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes

Cited by 507 publications

References 69 publications

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

A Pilot Study of Chromium Picolinate for Weight Loss

Iron Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

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Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes

Cited by 507 publications

References 69 publications

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)3 Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)3 Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

A Pilot Study of Chromium Picolinate for Weight Loss

Iron Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice

Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)₃ Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice