Role of C/EBP homologous protein and endoplasmic reticulum stress in asthma exacerbation by regulating the IL-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6/transcription factor EC/IL-4 receptor α positive feedback loop in M2 macrophages

Abstract

Chop and ER stress are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, which involves regulation of M2 programming in macrophages.

Thymoma Associated Myasthenia Gravis (TAMG): Differential Expression of Functional Pathways in Relation to MG Status in Different Thymoma Histotypes

“…Apart from the above pathways related to neurodegeneration (Parkinson and Huntington disease) and metabolism (Oxidative phosphorylation) (bold/italics in Table 1), one of the eight identified MG-associated inflammatory pathways (9) showed the "counter-enrichment" pattern as well: The MacTh1 clusterassociated gene set was significantly upregulated in TAMGassociated B2 thymomas and downregulated in AB thymomas (bold/italics in Table 2). Imbalanced macrophage polarization is well-known to play an important role in T cell-and autoantibody-mediated autoimmune and allergic diseases (25)(26)(27)(28), and can affect T cell apoptosis (29), i.e., a key feature of normal thymic tolerance induction and abnormal thymopoiesis inside TAMG-associated thymomas (30). Furthermore, analyses of MHC class II expression levels and the step-wise maturation of thymocytes inside different thymoma subtypes already gave strong hints that the mechanisms shaping the autoimmune CD4+ T cell repertoire are different in AB and B2 thymomas (31).…”

Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000326 acts as a miR-338-3p sponge to facilitate lung adenocarcinoma progression

“…Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) as previously described [17,18]. For quantitative PCR analysis of circRNAs and mRNAs, total RNA (500 ng) from each sample was transcribed into first-strand cDNA using a Prime Script™ RT Master Mix kit (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan).…”

Sirtuin 2 enhances allergic asthmatic inflammation

“…Despite the fact that macrophages are the most abundant immune cell in the homeostatic lung, the role of macrophages in regulating the development of allergic inflammation has been controversial (31). Previous work done by our group and others has demonstrated that macrophages play an important role in the development of the allergic inflammatory response (7,(32)(33)(34). In contrast, other reports have suggested that these innate immune cells may only play a minor role in the development of an experimental allergic response (35,36).…”