Role of angiogenic factors in recurrent pregnancy loss

Abstract

Women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) often have abnormal NK cell activity. Uterine NK cells produce angiogenic factors and various interleukins. Human endometrium that expresses a variety of angiogenic growth factors and cytokines (NK-cell) may play a critical role in the abnormal endometrial angiogenesis which affect both conception and fetal development. Women with RM also have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) after conception. It has been shown 12-15% of women in their initial stage of pregnancies miscarry. The occurrence of miscarriage is known as having three or more continues miscarriage. This percentage is from 0.3 to 0.8% of all diagnosed pregnancies. Recurrent miscarriages have multiple aetiology. In this review article we will discuss a number of factors that may link to pregnancy complication. We focus on endometrial angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), human endothelium expresses messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA) encoding VEGF-C, placenta growth factor (PlGF). The angiopoietins 1,2 and receptor for VEGF-A, VEGF-C, PIGF. The role of NK-cell, Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 that may lead to up-regulation of VEGF-C and Ang-2 in secretory endometrium.

Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma for treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a randomized controlled trial

“…Various elements, such as growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, play crucial roles in promoting endometrial tissue remodeling during decidualization, yielding the correct Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma for treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a randomized controlled trial Leila Nazari, et al PRP in recurrent pregnancy loss environment for the developing conceptus [4,5]. However, alterations in the balance between uteroplacental vascular development and growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), may lead to inappropriate angiogenesis, a fundamental requirement for fetal survival and normal progression of pregnancy [6].…”

Association of angiogenic cytokines (VEGF-A and VEGF-C) and clinical characteristic in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage

“…Peripheral blood NK cells fail to produce VEGF-C and remain cytotoxic. This response can be reversed by exogenous VEGF-C and it deals with the growth of blood vessels and lymphatics (17).…”

Role of serum copper and ceruloplasmin level in patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding

“…16 The role of angiogenic growth factors had investigated beyond the DUB complication, for example; pre-eclampsia and placenta, pregnancy related complication and also involvement of some of the enzyme in oral cancer and correlation with angiogenesis related process and the progression of cancer. [17][18][19] There is a relatively strong association between anovulation and DUB in adolescents. Studies on adolescent females for 5 years after menarche note that estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH values are all below normal adult levels in year 1; estradiol levels increase to normal adult values in year 2.…”