Role of airborne transmission in staphylococcal infections.

Mortimer, Edward A.; Wolinsky, Emanuel; Gonzaga, Antonio J.; Rammelkamp, Charles H.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5483.319

Cited by 97 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The local environment is also important as a source from which neonates acquire bacteria (Mortimer et al, 1966;Nolte, 1977;Harvey, 1979;Shinebaum, Cooke and Brayson, 1979). The colonisation of the skin surface starts at the umbilical stump (Mortimer et al, 1966). The role of the umbilicus as the initial colonisation site and subsequent endogenous source of serious systemic infection in individual infants (Fairchild et al, 1958;Williams and Oliver, 1969;Hargiss and Larson, 1978) and in the spread of pyoderma and generalised infection amongst infants in the same nursery (Isbister, 195 1 ;Jellard, 1957;Harvey, 1979) has been stressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

306

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY.The development of the bacterial flora of neonates during the first week of life was studied in 23 babies. Specimens of meconium or faeces were collected and swabs taken from the umbilicus and mouth on days 1, 2, 3 and 6. The bacteria present were isolated on a variety of plain and selective media. The predominant faecal organisms by the end of the first week were anaerobes. Bifidobacteria were isolated from all the neonates and bacteroides and clostridia were isolated from 78.3%. Bifidobacteria and bacteroides were present in large numbers; other species were isolated in smaller numbers. Enterococci were isolated from all neonates, enterobacteria from 82.6%, anaerobic cocci from 52.2%, and streptococci and staphylococci from 34.8% each.Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was isolated from 21.7% of neonates on the first day rising to 87.0% by the sixth day and represented 49% of isolates from this site. S. albus, streptococci, enterococci and Escherichia coli were each isolated from a few neonates.Viridans streptococci (3 1 -4% of isolates) and Streptococcus salivarius (251%) were the commonest species recovered from the mouth. They were present from 8 h after birth; S. albus and Neisseria spp. were isolated later on the first day, and anaerobic species of Veillonella and Bijidobacterium appeared on the second day. INTRODUCTIONThe normal fetus is sterile until shortly before birth, as long as the amniotic membrane remains intact. After birth, the neonate rapidly acquires commensal bacteria that colonise the skin and mucous membranes. The host defence mechanisms are not well developed at this stage and some commensals may become opportunist pathogens, particularly in compromised neonates who must remain in hospital for the treatment of congenital abnormalities.The gastrointestinal 'tract is colonised soon after birth, mainly by facultative bacteria. Mata, Mejicanos and Jimenez (1 972), Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976) and Long and Swenson (1977) have shown that anaerobes colonise the neonatal gastrointestinal tract during the first week of life and are greater in number and variety than aerobes or facultative species. Subsequently, only ~ ~~

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

306

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The one variable we did find to be protective against infections was the availability of alcohol hand gel, which supports the importance of hand hygiene in preventing hospital-associated infections. Multiple lines of evidence, from the work of Ignaz Semmelweis in mid-19th century Vienna to nurserybased studies correlating better hand hygiene with decreased Staphylococcus aureus transmission to infants 9,10 and more recent studies demonstrating an association between the use of antiseptic soaps and decreased nosocomial infection rates, [11][12][13][14][15] provide proof of the value of hand hygiene. The CDC and many other experts promote hand hygiene as the single most important measure in the prevention of hospital-associated infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Control Policies and Hospital-Associated Infections Among Surgical Patients: Variability and Associations in a Multicenter Pediatric Setting

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Background. Hospital-associated infections are an important cause of patient morbidity and death. Little is known about the variability of infection rates and infection control practices among pediatric hospitals.Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed with the Pediatric Health Information System database, which includes demographic and diagnostic data for 35 freestanding, noncompeting, children's hospitals, and with data from a survey of the hospitals, which yielded additional information on infection control policies and practices. Patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were included in this study.Results. Of the 35 eligible hospitals, 31 (89%) chose to participate in the survey component of this study. A total of 48 278 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study; 2.3% of these patients had respiratory infections and 0.8% had gastrointestinal infections. The frequency of patients diagnosed with respiratory or gastrointestinal infections varied considerably among the hospitals and ranged from <1% to 6%. Certain infection control processes also varied among the hospitals during the study period. For instance, of the 31 hospitals, 12 monitored hand hygiene, 19 had administrative support of hand hygiene, and 16 had alcohol hand gel present for the entire study period. The presence of alcohol hand gel for the entire study was strongly and independently associated with lower odds of gastrointestinal infections (adjusted odds ratio: 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.49-0.85).Conclusions. H ospital-associated infections represent a serious and growing health problem. 1,2 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that ϳ2 million people acquire hospital-associated infections each year and that ϳ90 000 of these patients die as a result of their infections. A variety of hospital-based strategies aimed at preventing such infections have been proposed, and some have been tested. On the basis of such data and expert opinion, the CDC has developed and regularly updates specific guidelines aimed at preventing the transmission of pathogens within the hospital setting. 3 An important component of these guidelines involves hand hygiene. 4 How broadly these recommendations have been implemented in pediatric hospitals is not known. Moreover, despite the quantity of data supporting the use of infection control measures to prevent hospital-associated infections, there have been few multicenter studies examining the variability of infection rates and infection control policies among institutions and investigating which infection control measures might be more important, especially in pediatric settings. Therefore, we conducted this study with 3 objectives, ie, (1) to describe the variation in the infection control practices in a large diverse sample of children's hospitals, (2) to describe the variation in the rates of hospital-associated infections in these institutions, and (3) to determine which infection control policies were associated with lower rates of hospital-associate...

show abstract

“…Pittet et al 8 , for example, reporting that an increase in handwashing compliance was accompanied by a fall in the MRSA-rate, comment that not all this fall could be ascribed to improved hand-hygiene; an intensive MRSA isolation programme was introduced at the same time 21 . The Hand Hygiene Liaison Group has identi®ed nine controlled studiesÐthree randomized control trials, ®ve controlled trials and one multiple crossover trialÐwhere handwashing compliance was measured by direct observation 22,23 of use of water, soap, etc., 24±26 or enforced by study investigators in a wide variety of settings (Table 1) 10,11,27,28 . These all show signi®cant reductions in…”

Section: Handwashing: the Epic Systematic Review 2001mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand Hygiene—The Case for Evidence-Based Education

Stone

2001

J R Soc Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Role of airborne transmission in staphylococcal infections.

Cited by 97 publications

References 2 publications

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Infection Control Policies and Hospital-Associated Infections Among Surgical Patients: Variability and Associations in a Multicenter Pediatric Setting

Hand Hygiene—The Case for Evidence-Based Education

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About