Role of adiponectin and free fatty acids on the association between abdominal visceral fat and insulin resistance

Abstract

BackgroundExperimental studies have shown that high free fatty acid (FFA) and low adiponectin (ADIPO) levels are involved in the mechanisms by which adiposity promotes insulin resistance (IR). However, no previous clinical studies have simultaneously analysed the relative contribution of FFA and ADIPO levels on the relation of abdominal visceral fat (AVF) with insulin resistance.ObjectiveTo analyse the contribution of low ADIPO (adiponectin < =p25th: 8.67 μg/mL in women and 5.30 μg/mL in men), and high FFAs (FFAs > =p75th: 0.745 mEq/L in women and 0.60 mEq/L in men) to the association of high AVF (AVF > =p75th: 127 cm2 in women; 152.7 cm2 in men) with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > =75th: 3.58 in women and 3.12 in men), in non-diabetic subjects.Material and methodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed including 1217 control participants of the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease study (GEA). Clinical, tomographic and biochemical parameters were measured in all participants. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of high AVF with IR stratifying according to gender, and to normal or low ADIPO and normal or high FFA serum levels.ResultsIn comparison to referent group, in men low ADIPO unlike high FFA increased the risk of IR. Females with normal AVF and low ADIPO, or high AVF and normal ADIPO had aprox 3 folds risk of IR (OR [IC95%]: 3.7 [2.1-6.6], p < 0.001, and 3.4 [2.0-5.7], p < 0.001; respectively). The risk increased to 7.6 [4.2-13.8], p < 0.001 when high AVF and low ADIPO were present. Irrespective of AVF, the effect of low ADIPO on IR was higher than that seen for high FFA. Besides, our results suggest an additive effect of high AVF, high FFA and low ADIPO on the IR prevalence.ConclusionsThe present study provides novel and important information about the combined effect of high AVF and low ADIPO on the risk of IR. Furthermore, our data suggest that the effect of low adiponectin levels on the high AVF-IR association is stronger than that observed for high FFA, suggesting that adiponectin could be used as biomarker to identify subjects at high risk for T2DM and CAD.

Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome: Onset and Progression of Atherosclerosis

“…Previous reports suggested that visceral adiposity induces insulin resistance by a mechanism that involves high FFA and/or low adiponectin plasma levels (89,90). Data from our research group confirmed that low adiponectin was an independent predictor of insulin resistance, even after adjusting for confounders such as FFA and VAT (91). Therefore, low adiponectin may be a useful biomarker of dysfunctional adiposity and may improve the identification of subjects at high risk for T2DM and CAD.…”

Exercise Dose Effects on Insulin Resistance Indicators in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial

“…Its production by adipocytes is inhibited by pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), hypoxia, and oxidative stress [35]. Low adiponectin concentrations are associated with visceral fatness, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance [36,38]. There are several possible reasons why we did not observe dose effects in intention-to-treat analyses.…”

“…2016;6(2): [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] high, n = 9 moderate). Moreover, we did not measure peripheral insulin resistance in muscle or fat, which may be relevant to breast cancer etiology.…”

“…Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed specifically to evaluate dose Manuscript accepted for publication April 07, 2016 Exercise and Insulin Resistance Indicators J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;6(2): [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] effects would inform cancer prevention guidelines. Such trials have been conducted and measured insulin resistance indicators [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]; however, they were limited for informing postmenopausal breast cancer prevention because they were small [12][13][14], tested lower-intensity exercise [14,15,19] or shorter durations of exercise that may be suboptimal for cancer prevention [15,16], or they did not focus on postmenopausal women [11,13,17].…”

Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity

“…Hyperinsulinemia is often seen in obese individuals and postprandial insulin resistance is a critical determinant of obesity in children [17]. Insulin that promotes energy storing in adipose tissue is considered as the prime suspect of obesity and the target of therapy [18,19]. In the treatment of hypothalamic obesity, SST and its analogues limit the release of insulin and inhibit adipogenesis [20].…”