Role and molecular mechanism of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K in tumor development and progression

Abstract

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a member of the hnRNP family, which exists in the nucleus and the cytoplasm simultaneously. It is a multifunctional protein that can participate in a variety of regulatory progressions of gene expression and signal transduction, such as chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA alternative splicing and translation. hnRNP K not only directly binds to the kinases, but also recruits the associated factors regarding transcription, splicing and translation to control gene expression, and therefore, it serves as a docking platform for integrating transduction pathways to nucleic acid-directed processes. Numerous studies also show that abnormal expression of hnRNP K is closely associated with the tumor formation. This protein is overexpressed in numerous types of cancer and its aberrant cytoplasmic localization is also associated with a worse prognosis for patients. These results consistently indicate that hnRNP K has a key role in cancer progression. To understand the hnRNP K pathophysiological process in tumor disease, the previous research results regarding the association between hnRNP K and tumors were reviewed.

IRES Trans-Acting Factors, Key Actors of the Stress Response

“…Multiple post-translational modifications have been described for hnRNPK, a protein overexpressed in many cancers [68]. This multifunctional protein is subjected to phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation while it interacts with diverse groups of molecular partners involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling, RNA processing, translation and signal transduction [69]. hnRNPK sumoylation on a lysine residue promotes its ITAF function and results in activation of the c-myc IRES in Burkitt's lymphoma cells [68].…”

Highly sensitive in situ proteomics with cleavable fluorescent tyramide reveals human neuronal heterogeneity

“…6B). Indeed, all the eight proteins in this identified group are involved in the transcriptional regulation and processing related pathways [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] .…”

“…To explore the human neuronal heterogeneity by multiplexed in suit protein profiling and also to assess the feasibility of applying CFT for analyzing FFPE tissues, we stained 8 proteins sequentially in the human hippocampus using HRP conjugated antibodies and tyramide-N3-Cy5. Of the 8 proteins, NeuN was selected as the neuronal marker 51 , and PABPN1, HMGB1, TDP43, hnRNP A1, hnRNP K, ILF3 along with Nucleophosmin were selected as the components of the transcriptional regulation and processing pathways 41,42,[44][45][46][47]52 . Due to the high sensitivity of our approach, the imaging exposure time can be minimized without compromising the analysis accuracy.…”

Overexpression of splicing factor poly(rC)-binding protein 1 elicits cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and p73 splicing in human cervical carcinoma cells

“…Increasing evidence revealed that PCBP1 is significantly downregulated in gastric cancer [4], acute myeloid leukemia [5], non-small-cell lung cancer [6], and cervical cancer [7] et al and is involved in tumor metastasis. Subsequently, scientists pointed out that PCBP1 might act as a tumor suppressor in various tumors [17,18]. For instance, it has been proved that PCBP1 is involved in cell apoptosis.…”