Rocket Solid Propellant Alternative Based on Ammonium Dinitramide

Cican, Grigore; Alexandru-Daniel, MITRACHE

doi:10.13111/2066-8201.2017.9.1.2

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Similar to the approach in [35], where the enhancement of properties was achieved by adding coal and MgB2 to paraffin, in this study, the improvement of mechanical performance was realized through an innovative new formula by adding stearic acid and coal without compromising the rocket engine's performance. This type of propellant is considered environmentally friendly, aligning with the pursuit of obtaining solid or hybrid propellants with high specific impulse that are non-polluting [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current space launchers use solid propellant in one or several of their stages and almost all of them use an ammonium perchlorate (AP, NH4Cl4O)-based propellant, often combined with aluminum (Al) powder, leading to the emission of various chlorinated hazardous exhaust products [7][8][9]. Efforts are being made to replace these polluting propellants with alternatives that offer similar properties but are environmentally friendly [10,11]. The flagship of the European Space Agency, Ariane-5, and the recently commissioned Vega launcher utilize considerable amounts of composite propellant (476 and 122 tons, respectively), resulting in the release of 270 and 71 tons of concentrated hydrochloric acid per launch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Research into an Innovative Green Propellant Based on Paraffin–Stearic Acid and Coal for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Cican,

Paraschiv,

Buturache

et al. 2024

Inventions

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This study focuses on an innovative green propellant based on paraffin, stearic acid, and coal, used in hybrid rocket engines. Additionally, lab-scale firing tests were conducted using a hybrid rocket motor with gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer, utilizing paraffin-based fuels containing stearic acid and coal. The mechanical performance results revealed that the addition of stearic acid and coal improved the mechanical properties of paraffin-based fuel, including tensile, compression, and flexural strength, under both ambient and sub-zero temperatures (−21 °C). Macrostructural and microstructural examinations, conducted through optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), highlighted its resilience, despite minimal imperfections such as impurities and micro-voids. These characteristics could be attributed to factors such as raw material composition and the manufacturing process. Following the mechanical tests, the second stage involved conducting a firing test on a hybrid rocket motor using the new propellant and gaseous oxygen. A numerical simulation was carried out using ProPEP software to identify the optimal oxidant-to-fuel ratio for the maximum specific impulse. Following simulations, it was observed that the specific impulse for the paraffin and for the new propellant differs very little at each oxidant-to-fuel (O/F) ratio. It is noticeable that the maximum specific impulse is achieved for both propellants around the O/F value of 2.2. It was observed that no hazardous substances were present, unlike in traditional solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate or aluminum. Consequently, there are no traces of chlorine, ammonia, or aluminum-based compounds after combustion. The resulting components for the simulated motor include H2, H2O, O2, CO2, CO, and other combinations in insignificant percentages. It is worth noting that the CO concentration decreases with an increase in the O/F ratio for both propellants, and the differences between concentrations are negligible. Additionally, the CO2 concentration peaks at an O/F ratio of around 4.7. The test proceeded under normal conditions, without compromising the integrity of the test stand and the motor. These findings position the developed propellant as a promising candidate for applications in low-temperature hybrid rocket technology and pave the way for future advancements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Research into an Innovative Green Propellant Based on Paraffin–Stearic Acid and Coal for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Cican,

Paraschiv,

Buturache

et al. 2024

Inventions

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“…3% [45]. Mg-Al metallic fuel formula seems to work very well in terms of performances for the AN propellants, while the AND-based ones have characteristics close to those based on AP, even without metallic fuel in their formulations [43][44][45][46][47]. Other studies [48][49][50][51][52] reported that the AN-ADN dual oxidizer formula represents the next step in the design of "clean" performance propellants.…”

Section: Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Oxidizers for Composite Propellants: Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Dinitramide

Dirloman

Țigănescu²,

Rotariu

et al. 2020

J.Mil.Technol.

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“…There are many studies related to the replacement of these solid propellants with other, less toxic ones. Authors in [9] presented a study of a solid propellant based on ADN/ETN/HTPB (ammonium dinitramide / erythritol tetranitrate / hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene), which gave, following its combustion, no HCl, or aluminum oxides, or ammonia result. Authors in [10] proposed a method to reduce the quantity of HCl resulting from solid propellants by using the effect of metal additives on neutralization and characteristics of AP/HTPB solid propellants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Manufacturing, and Testing Process of a Lab Scale Test Bench Hybrid Rocket Engine

Cican,

Popa,

Buturache

et al. 2023

Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res.

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The current paper presents the architecture of a test bench for small (laboratory) scale hybrid rocket motors destined for teaching purposes. The sustainability of the proposed methodology is emphasized, as it addresses the development of small-scale hybrid rocket motor test benches, to be used either as didactic means for students or for research laboratories, by using low-cost materials, while preserving efficiency. In this regard, the entire development process is approached, from designing to manufacturing (including the casting of the fuel rod) and testing of the product. The developed product uses a mixture of 88% paraffin, 10% stearic acid, and 2% coal for the solid phase and liquid oxygen for the liquid phase. The testing of the hybrid rocket motor demonstrator was performed outdoors, in controlled conditions. The results showed a good correlation between the theoretical testing parameters with the obtained ones.

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Rocket Solid Propellant Alternative Based on Ammonium Dinitramide

Abstract: Due to the continuous run for a green environment the current article proposes a new type of solid propellant based on the fairly new synthesized oxidizer, ammonium dinitramide (ADN

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Experimental Research into an Innovative Green Propellant Based on Paraffin–Stearic Acid and Coal for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Experimental Research into an Innovative Green Propellant Based on Paraffin–Stearic Acid and Coal for Hybrid Rocket Engines

Eco-Oxidizers for Composite Propellants: Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Dinitramide

Design, Manufacturing, and Testing Process of a Lab Scale Test Bench Hybrid Rocket Engine

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