My thanks to my parents who supported me with music lessons growing up: to my mom who taught me to love books and to my dad who taught me to love stories, and to both for telling me it was fine that I was still a student at my age, as long as I hadn't started balding yet. My thanks go out to Gao Hong, whom I first saw perform at Carleton College twelve years ago. Over the following years Gao Hong was my erhu and zhongruan teacher, mentor, and friend. Her generosity and talent opened many doors to me and I'm eternally grateful for the path she placed me on. Shao Min, my first erhu stand partner, helped me delve deeper into music, sharing with me adventures in Chinese and American folk fusion. Our jams and rehearsals with mandocello, pennywhistle, and erhu from Carleton to CERN are memories I hold very dear. Hillary, who encouraged me to study music and "put the music in me." Tree, for the music opportunities, language assistance, friendship and being a never-ending source of drama. Elaine, my first ethnomusicology classmate and conference buddy, without your support, advice, proofreading, and occasionally allowing me to escape life and crash on your couch, I don't think I could have finished this dissertation. Thank you for always being there for me to celebrate and commiserate and for driving me across the country, twice! Chapter Four Humanizing Kuajie Artists through Biography…………….……….…..140 1) Biography, Representation , and Transparency…………...…………………141 2) Individual Accounts………………………………………...………………..145 a) Playing Pipa between Beijing and Taipei…………….………………145 b) Hair Cut Today, Daruan Tomorrow…………………….……………150 c