Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests

Alves, Carlos; Figueiredo, Carlos; Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Jorge

doi:10.3390/geosciences10030091

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Dry and saturated unit weights of granites with low porosity depend almost exclusively on chemical and mineralogical compositions of these rocks (Siegesmund and Dürrast 2014). Salt crystallization causes the disintegration of rocks without significant chemical change (Alves et al 2020). Va-G showed higher reduction in dry and saturated unit weights than Sh-M during the aging tests, particularly after the 20th cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P-and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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“…The smaller pores are more prone to frost damage and this lithotypes might have lower strength [24]. It has been outlined that the porosity and pore structure of limestone are good indicators of their durability [20,25]. The oolitic limestone lithotype is prone to freeze-thaw damage and also to thermal degradation [26].…”

Section: Microscopic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Historic Binders and Stones of a Ruined Medieval Church (Hungary)

Kósa

Török

2020

Period. Polytech. Civil Eng.

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Construction materials of a partly ruined Medieval church of Central Hungary were studied in details to assess its conditions and to obtain information on the phases of construction. At first, digital images were taken to create a 3D model of the remaining walls. The material properties were measured in situ using non-destructive test methods. Strength parameters of stone and render were assessed by Schmidt hammer, while moisture content was measured by a portable moisture meter. According to lithological descriptions and thin-section analyses limestone prevail in the monument. The most common Miocene limestone is represented by various lithologies, such as cemented macro porous limestone, fine-grained porous limestone, oolitic limestone and bioclastic limestone. Mesozoic micritic well cemented limestone and Tertiary limonitic sandstone were also identified at the ruins. The most common weathering forms are selective dissolution, multiple flaking and biological colonisation. Renders used in the structure represents the long history of the structure from Medieval lime-based mortars to Portland cement containing latest applications. The former one is composed of quartz send in lime binder. According to Schmidt hammer tests, the rebound values of the replacement stone is higher than that of the original porous limestone. There is a distinct difference in the moisture content of the stone and render. Orientation/exposure of the wall also influences the moisture content. The gathered information allows for designing better repair methods and helps in the planning of the maintenance of the medieval stone heritage.

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“…1). Both artificial materials and natural building stones are subject to external influences such as environmental factors, climate conditions, and pollution effects (Alves et al 2020;Scrivano and Gaggero 2020). In addition to these external Mustafa Yavuz Çelik…”

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confidence: 99%

An assessment of the durability of untreated and water repellent-treated cultural heritage stone (Döğer tuff-Turkey) by salt mist and salt crystallization tests

Çelik,

Güven

2024

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Salt mist and salt crystallization tests were conducted to determine the resistance of the untreated and water-repellent-treated Döğer tuff samples to salt damage. The Döğer tuffs are of volcanic origin and consist of porous pyroclastic rocks. A series of characterization studies were performed to determine the physicochemical and chemical properties (XRF), mineralogical-petrographic characteristics (polarizing optical microscopy, XRD, and SEM), and pore-size distribution (MIP) of the Döğer tuff prior to the aging tests. Following the aging experiments, the changes in weight, ultrasound pulse velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and variations in pore size distribution were examined in the tested tuffs. In addition, SEM studies were conducted to analyze the microstructures. The untreated tuff samples were more severely affected by salt crystallization. The increases in dry weight for untreated and water-repellent-treated Döğer tuff samples were 0.27% and 0.13% after 60 cycles of salt mist exposure and 7.2% and 3.76% after salt crystallization cycles using a sodium chloride solution, respectively. Both conditions resulted from the accumulation of NaCl crystals on the tuff surface and within the pores. Salt crystal formation in a sodium sulfate solution led to dry weight change of 2.02% and 0.29% in the untreated and water-repellent-treated samples, respectively. The uniaxial compressive strength of the untreated tuff samples decreased by 36.71% in the presence of sodium chloride solution and by 72.58% in the presence of sodium sulfate solution. The ultrasound pulse velocity values decreased in all tuff samples after the salt crystallization test. However, the Döğer tuff samples were still distinguishable after both tests and their physical integrity remained intact.

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Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests

Cited by 10 publications

References 77 publications

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Characterization of Historic Binders and Stones of a Ruined Medieval Church (Hungary)

An assessment of the durability of untreated and water repellent-treated cultural heritage stone (Döğer tuff-Turkey) by salt mist and salt crystallization tests

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