One of the most interesting radio-frequency identification applications is the detection of missing tags along with the objects they are attached to. This process must be executed in a fast and efficient way. A monitoring function may need to be periodically executed in order to implement a reliable detection system, therefore raising the need to optimize its performance, in terms of both time and reliability. The contribution of this paper is twofold; on one hand, we provide a protocol taxonomy for the missing-tag detection problem, which up to our best knowledge is the first of its class, and on the other hand, we propose two novel protocols for a fast detection of the missing tags in a passive radio-frequency identification system. By increasing the length of the packets exchanged among the reader and the tags, our protocols are able to reduce the time needed to detect the missing tags, by decreasing the number of broadcast messages in the network. Our results show that our proposals outperform the most recent protocols in the literature, obtaining improvements on the execution time going from 25% to 75%.
INTRODUCTIONRadio-frequency identification (RFID) systems are an emerging technology allowing to store and manage the information associated to objects, animals, or people, for instance [1]. An RFID system consists of an RFID network and a data processing application. The RFID network is often composed of one or more readers and a set of tags. On one hand, a reader is a powerful device in terms of memory and processing capabilities, whose main functionality relies on energizing or activating the tags, controlling the network's communication sequence, and transferring information among the application and the tags. On the other hand, tags are small devices that can be attached to the objects we want to identify; these devices can be classified in several ways, but the most common one refers to their power source: active and passive. Passive tags harvest the incoming energy from the reader to power up their circuitry, which makes them cheap to produce, and consequently the most commonly used by industry and research. Finally, the data processing application is a software system that controls, processes, and uses the information on the RFID network.Nowadays, RFID systems are part of our daily life, because they increase people's productivity and comfort [1]. The huge growth of RFID applications raises the researchers' interest to find solutions to the wide range of problems associated to them, as well as improving the efficiency of such systems. Most of the research regarding the improvement of RFID systems is related to the identification process, where a reader gathers all the identifiers from a set of tags [2], along with the problems associated with such process, such as collision resolution, energy saving, and identification delay. Other issues on RFID are related to the tag-estimation problem [3][4][5][6], which 1547 Frame phase. The reader begins a new round or cycle in order to verify for tag presence in...