Robust Fabrication of Hybrid Lead‐Free Perovskite Pellets for Stable X‐ray Detectors with Low Detection Limit

Tie, Shujie; Zhao, Wei; Xin, Deyu; Zhang, Min; Long, Jidong; Chen, Qi; Zheng, Xiaofeng; Zhu, Jianguo; Zhang, Wenhua

doi:10.1002/adma.202001981

Cited by 175 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…68 However, in a 0D perovskite, the inorganic octahedral units are completely isolated by the cations in all directions, thus disrupting the channels for I − migration. 29 The large activation energy of ionic migration in 0D perovskite as compared to that in 3D perovskite have been experimentally evidenced, 29,85 which is further supported by the theoretical calculation conducted by another independent group. 68 To further enhance the stability of 0D perovskite, Zhang et al extended the nucleation-controlled approach to the synthesis of 0D single-crystalline Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 (12 mm × 12 mm × 3 mm) perovskite.…”

Section: Low-dimension Bismuth Based Halide Perovskitessupporting

confidence: 52%

“…However, in a 0D perovskite, the inorganic octahedral units are completely isolated by the cations in all directions, thus disrupting the channels for I − migration 29 . The large activation energy of ionic migration in 0D perovskite as compared to that in 3D perovskite have been experimentally evidenced, 29,85 which is further supported by the theoretical calculation conducted by another independent group 68 …”

Section: Materials Engineering Of Perovskite X‐ray Absorbermentioning

confidence: 60%

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Halide perovskites: A dark horse for direct X‐ray imaging

Qian

Xiao

et al. 2020

EcoMat

110

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The high cost and difficulty of fabricating high-quality, thick, large-area X-ray absorbers limit their widespread applications in flat-panel direct hard X-ray imaging. Then it comes to the recently rising halide perovskites, which show large carrier mobility and lifetime, contain high atomic number elements and are solution processible, making them ideal for large-area direct hard X-ray imaging. Over the past few years, direct X-ray detectors based on a variety of perovskites have been developed, showing impressive progress in achieving high sensitivity and low detection limit. Alongside the developments, the underlying correlations between the intrinsic properties of the perovskites and their X-ray detection performance have been intensively studied, providing valuable information to tackle the remaining challenges, such as large dark current, baseline drifting and so forth. However, it is surprising to find that there have been no efforts to bring together a comprehensive review and comparative analysis on these previous research endeavors, and some general principles and guidelines of engineering the perovskites toward advanced X-ray detectors have yet to be creamed off. Here, recent advances in engineering perovskites for direct X-ray detection are reviewed in the hope of providing fundamental understanding of this fast-developing field. First, the operation principles of direct X-ray detectors targeting flat-panel X-ray imaging will be introduced, particularly relevant to perovskite materials. Then, recent innovative works regarding the preparation and manipulation of single-crystalline and poly-crystalline perovskites are discussed in detail, through which specific effects of the intrinsic properties of the perovskite upon X-ray detection are highlighted. This is followed by a summary of the review and outlook of future directions.

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Section: Low-dimension Bismuth Based Halide Perovskitessupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Materials Engineering Of Perovskite X‐ray Absorbermentioning

confidence: 60%

Halide perovskites: A dark horse for direct X‐ray imaging

Qian

Xiao

et al. 2020

EcoMat

110

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“…Therefore, in the specific devices, the sensitivity of a detector is mainly affected by the carrier mobility, the carrier lifetime, and internal photoconductive gain induced by the presence of shallow defects. [31,58,59] The gain factor of the FAMACs SC X-ray detector under different dose rates and electric fields are calculated in Figure S10 (Supporting Information). We can see that the gain factor is higher when under a higher electric field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

et al. 2021

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X-ray detectors have attracted significant attention because they are widely used in applications such as computed tomography (CT), homeland security, and environmental monitoring. [1,2] In particular, there is an ever-increasing demand to invent better semiconductor material and device design to attain even higher sensitivity and lower manufacturing cost. [3,4] In the past decades, various traditional semiconductors have been studied for X-ray detection applications, like silicon (Si), [5] high-purity germanium (HP-Ge), [6] amorphous selenium (α-Se), [7] mercury iodide (HgI 2), [8] cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), [9] and so on. Unfortunately, none of them is very ideal, more specifically, neither HP-Ge nor CdZnTe is costeffective; Si and CdZnTe require high working voltage; Si and α-Se have low X-ray absorption coefficient and large leakage current. Also, the CdZnTe, Si, and HP-Ge require very high growth temperature exceeding 500 °C, Hg and Cd are highly toxic. Recently, solution-processable organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskites have been demonstrated as a promising candidate for high performance X-ray detectors. They are advantageous in strong X-ray absorption, processable at low temperature, low-cost fabrication, and superior semiconducting properties like low defect density, large mobility-lifetime product (μτ), long carrier diffusion length, etc. Noticeably, the recently reported X-ray detectors based on 3D perovskites including MAPbI 3 [4,10-12] and CsFAMA [13] microcrystalline thin films or MAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I and their mixture), [14-24] Cs x FA 1−x PbI 3 , [25] CsPbBr 3 , [26-29] and Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 [30-32] single crystals have realized high sensitivity with the highest up to 2.1 × 10 4 µC Gy air-1 cm-2 , significantly larger than the state-of-the-art α-Se X-ray detectors. [33] Unfortunately, the dark current is too high and as is the photocurrent drift in X-ray detectors made of these hybrid organic and inorganic 3D perovskites, and this is expected based on serious ion migration in the materials. Even worse, ionic migration is recognized as the main root cause for material decomposition and performance degradation in perovskite devices. In order to obtain perovskites with low ion migration, low-dimensional perovskite single crystals, like inchsized 0D MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 [34-37] and Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [38-40] 2D Cs 2 TeI 6 [41] and (NH 4) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [42] have been adventured first by our group and Low ionic migration is required for a semiconductor material to realize stable high-performance X-ray detection. In this work, successful controlled incorporation of not only methylammonium (MA +) and cesium (Cs +) cations, but also bromine (Br-) anions into the FAPbI 3 lattice to grow inch-sized stable perovskite single crystal (FAMACs SC) is reported. The smaller cations and anions, comparing to the original FA + and Ihelp release lattice stress so that the FAMACs SC shows lower ion migration, enhanced hardness, lower trap density, longer carrier lifetime and diffusion length, higher charge mobility and the...

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“…Very recently, Tie et al realized sensitive X-ray detectors by powder pressed pellets of the lead-free perovskite derivative MA 3 BI 2 I 9 , which showed a sensitivity of 563 µC Gy -1 cm -2 at 2100 V cm -1 and low limit of detection of 9.3 nGy s -1 . [112] Crucial for this achievement was the high intrinsic activation energy for ion migration of 0.5 eV compared to MAPbI 3 with ≈0.2 eV, [119] leading to a very good temporal stability of the dark current, as well as during operation, without the need for further passivation strategies (Figure 7g). Here it is also worth noting that the high relative layer density of 97% was achieved by isostatic pressing at 200 MPa at room temperature, i.e., without further tempering.…”

Section: Pressingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances and Perspectives on Powder‐Based Halide Perovskite Film Processing

Leupold

Panzer

2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Halide perovskites have undergone an impressive development and could be used in a wide range of optoelectronic devices, where some of them are already at the edge of commercialization, e.g., perovskite solar cells. Recently, interest in perovskites in powder form has increased, as for example, they are found to exhibit high stability and allow for easy production of large quantities. Accordingly, also the topic of processing thin and thick films on the basis of perovskite powders is currently gaining momentum. Here, perovskite powder can form the basis for both, typical wet and solvent-based processing approaches, as well as for dry processes. In this Progress Report, the recent developments of halide perovskites in powder form and of film processing approaches are summarized that are based on them. The advantages and opportunities of the different processing methods are highlighted, but their individual drawbacks and limitations are also discussed. Prospects are also pointed out and possible steps necessary to unlock the full potential of powder-based processing methods for producing high quality thick and thin perovskite layers in the future are discussed.

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Robust Fabrication of Hybrid Lead‐Free Perovskite Pellets for Stable X‐ray Detectors with Low Detection Limit

Cited by 175 publications

References 27 publications

Halide perovskites: A dark horse for direct X‐ray imaging

Halide perovskites: A dark horse for direct X‐ray imaging

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

Recent Advances and Perspectives on Powder‐Based Halide Perovskite Film Processing

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