Robust direction of arrival estimation approach for unmanned aerial vehicles at low signal‐to‐noise ratios

Abstract

The conventional methods used to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), such as the echoes reflected by a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), demonstrate major performance deterioration. In order to eliminate the problem and achieve highly accurate DOA estimation for low-SNR echoes, this paper proposes a novel estimation approach that applies two accumulative methods based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). According to the findings of this paper, the algorithm directly accumulates the FrFT result of each echo when it is not possible to determine in advance the speed of the target. When the radial velocity of the small UAV has been estimated ahead of time, the algorithm performs phase compensation to enhance the accumulative effect. Through coherent integration, the algorithm then extracts all the peaks of the target echo waveform, which are then used for the construction of a fractional autocorrelation matrix. Thereafter, multiple signal classification is employed for DOA estimation. Furthermore, with the proposed algorithm, the DOAs of multi-target echoes can be estimated accurately. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified using Monte-Carlo simulation trials, and the root-mean-square-error of DOA estimation was close to the Cramer-Rao bound.

Machine Learning-Based Drone Detection and Classification: State-of-the-Art in Research

“…Recently, many technical papers have provided short reviews of related work on drone detection [2], [3]. Also, some review articles have appeared which consider single or multiple modalities [4], [5]. Most, if not all of these reviews, however, are focused on the functional level of the [4].…”

Block Newtonised orthogonal matching pursuit for off‐grid DOA estimation in the presence of unknown mutual coupling

“…As a key technology in array signal processing, direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation has received extensive attention in radar, sonar, communication, and radio astronomy etc [1]. Many classical DOA estimation methods have been put forward over the past few decades such as Capon, MUSIC and ESPRIT etc [2].…”