“…Among these techniques, adaptive neural PID controllers are presented as an option due to neural networks characteristic that allows them to adapt themselves to changes in operating conditions and environmental parameters, giving the controller the capability of adapting its parameters online [5][6][7]. Adaptive control techniques are important to solve problems in robotics research, such as control of robot manipulators [8,9], control of mobile robots [10,11] and formation control [12], control of underwater vehicles [13,14], control for teleoperation systems [15] and industrial applications [16,17].…”