“…To improve path planning, the proper optimization method must be used [3][4][5]. Therefore, researchers have proposed many path planning methods concerning this problem, including the grid method [6], D* algorithm [7], and some intelligent methods, like particle swarm optimization (PSO) [8], Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) [9], artificial bee colony (ABC) [10], and Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GOS) [11]. To find safe ways with minimal energy consumption, Mansoor Davoodi et al [12] proposed two multi-objective planning models.…”