Road vehicle emission factors development: A review

Franco, Vicente; Kousoulidou, Marina; Muntean, Marilena; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Hausberger, Stefan; Dilara, Panagiota

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.006

Cited by 444 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…Their results varied substantially with the type of the truck and the engine. Large range of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission factor variations were also reported by the other researchers [79,80] under varying conditions of transportation. Therefore the carbon dioxide emission calculations of this study pertinent to transportation are valid under the conditions they are calculated and subject to change as the type, speed of transportation.…”

Section: The Values Of Cenc Cexc and Cco2ementioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of the energy and exergy efficiencies of farm to fork grain cultivation and bread making processes in Turkey and Germany

Değerli

Nazir

Sorgüven

et al. 2015

Energy

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Energy and exergy efficiencies of the wheat and rye bread and hamburger bun making processes are assessed based on data from Turkey and Germany. Amount of the land required to produce the same amount of wheat in Turkey is 3.34 times of that required in Germany; this ratio is 2.30 for the rye grain. These results show that the efficiency of the conversion of the solar energy into the grain mass is low in Turkey. Cumulative degree of perfection (CDP) for the wheat and the rye grain production is 3.73 and 4.96 in Turkey, and 11.26 and 10.46 in Germany. Specific energy utilization for rye bread production is almost the same in Turkey and Germany; but it is 12 % higher in Turkey for wheat bread and hamburger bun making. Hamburger bun production requires the maximum energy utilization due to the higher weight loss in baking. The rye bread production process requires the minimum energy utilization due to the lower energy input in the agriculture and higher efficiency in the flour production. The maximum exergy destructions occur during the milling and the baking steps.Keywords: Bread making, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, carbon dioxide emission Correspondence: mozilgen@yeditepe.edu.tr 2 Highlights• Agriculture determines the energy and exergy efficiency of bread making• Conversion efficiency of the solar energy into grain mass is lower in Turkey• The smallest energy and exergy is needed for the rye bread making• The largest energy and exergy is needed for the hamburger bun making• Energy efficiency per mass of bread production is 12 % higher in Germany 3

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Section: The Values Of Cenc Cexc and Cco2ementioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of the energy and exergy efficiencies of farm to fork grain cultivation and bread making processes in Turkey and Germany

Değerli

Nazir

Sorgüven

et al. 2015

Energy

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“…A significant cause of the discrepancies in NO x and NO 2 emission rates between published figures and real-world measurements is the difference in driving conditions between standard test cycles and real journeys, especially those in congested urban traffic (Franco et al, 2013). This issue was highlighted in 2015 when it became apparent that Volkswagen had installed software in their diesel cars that automatically reconfigured the engine during emissions testing (Oldenkamp et al, 2016).…”

Section: Road Traffic Emissions Factor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-local modelling system

et al. 2018

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Abstract. A coupled regional-to-local modelling system comprising a regional chemistry-climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMEP4UK) and an urban dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions (ADMS-Urban) has been used to simulate air quality in 2012 across London. The study makes use of emission factors for NO x and NO 2 and non-exhaust emission rates of PM 10 and PM 2.5 which have been adjusted compared to standard factors to reflect real-world emissions, with increases in total emissions of around 30 % for these species. The performance of the coupled model and each of the two component models is assessed against measurements from background and near-road sites in London using a range of metrics concerning annual averages, high hourly average concentrations and diurnal cycles. The regional model shows good performance compared to measurements for background sites for these metrics, but under-predicts concentrations of all pollutants except O 3 at near-road sites due to the low resolution of input emissions and calculations. The coupled model shows good performance at both background and near-road sites, which is broadly comparable with that of the urban model that uses measured concentrations as regional background, except for PM 2.5 where the under-prediction of the regional model causes the coupled model to also under-predict concentrations. Using the coupled model, it is estimated that 13 % of the area of London exceeded the EU limit value of 40 µg m −3 for annual average NO 2 in 2012, whilst areas of exceedances of the annual average limit values of 40 and 25 µg m −3 for PM 10 and PM 2.5 respectively were negligible.

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“…There is also another study on a Monitoring of real-world emissions of road vehicles is important for reviewing the effectiveness of control measures and for taking into account all real-world variables that may affect emissions [31,32]. We found only two papers in literature dealing with on-road procedures involving HDD vehicles that obtained small PCDD/F emission factors varying between 0.6 and 5.1 pg I-TEQ/Nm 3 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…No reference works dealing with on-road samplings in passenger vehicles have been found. Table S3 of the supporting information summarizes some published data concerning the main congeners (without toxicity factors), the congeners that contribute to the total toxicity I-TEQ (taking into account the toxicity factors), and the percentage x 100 of Page 5 of 32 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 PCDFs/(PCDFs+PCDDs) without and with TEF factors [2,3,6,8,[15][16][17][18][19]21,22,24,26,27,[29][30][31][32][33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

Rey

Font

Aracil

2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Road vehicle emission factors development: A review

Cited by 444 publications

References 134 publications

Assessment of the energy and exergy efficiencies of farm to fork grain cultivation and bread making processes in Turkey and Germany

Assessment of the energy and exergy efficiencies of farm to fork grain cultivation and bread making processes in Turkey and Germany

Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-local modelling system

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

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