Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group.

Ciccone, Giovannino; Forastiére, Francesco; Agabiti, Nera; Biggeri, Annibale; Bisanti, Luigi; Chellini, Elisabetta; Corbo, Giuseppe Maria; Dell’Orco, Valerio; Dalmasso, Paola; Volante, Tadeja Fatur; Galassi, Claudia; Piffer, Silvano; Renzoni, Elisabetta A.; Rusconi, Franca; Sestini, Piersante; Viegi, Giovanni

doi:10.1136/oem.55.11.771

Cited by 227 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The first study [11] presented data for chronic cough and found a similar association of this rather unspecific symptom with truck traffic and black smoke exposure as with wheeze. The second study [15] found an association of truck traffic exposure with current wheeze, cough and persistent phlegm, but not with current asthma and not with wheezing episodes in the first two years of life. These authors concluded that air pollution from truck traffic increases the risk for a wide range of adverse respiratory effects but may have a more important role in respiratory infections than in the aetiology of asthma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In this nonatopic subgroup, asthma may mainly be triggered or induced by viral infections. Some evidence suggests that the development of childhood respiratory tract infections is in fact related to increasing exposure to SO 2 , NO 2 and particles [3,4,15]. Alternatively, irritative symptoms due to higher pollution exposure may result in more frequent visits to a physician who may then be more likely to misclassify a bronchitic child as asthmatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children

Hirsch¹,

Weiland²,

Mutius³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

191

139

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The impact of inner city air pollution on the development of respiratory and atopic diseases in childhood is still unclear.In a cross sectional study in Dresden, Germany, 5,421 children in two age groups (5±7 yrs and 9±11 yrs) were studied according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase II protocol. The prevalences of wheezing and cough as well as doctor diagnosed asthma and bronchitis were assessed by parental questionnaires. Children also underwent skin-prick testing, venipuncture for the measurement of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E, lung function testing and a bronchial challenge test (4.5% saline) to assess airway hyperresponsiveness. Exposure was assessed on an individual basis by relating mean annual air pollution levels (SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, benzene, and O 3 ) which had been measured on a 1 km 2 grid, to the home and school address of each study subject.After adjusting for potential confounding factors an increase in the exposure to benzene of 1 mg . m 3 air was associated with an increased prevalence of morning cough (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)): 1.15; 1.04±1.27) and bronchitis (aOR: 1.11; 1.03±1.19). Similar associations were observed for NO 2 and CO. In turn, the prevalences of atopic sensitization, symptoms of atopic diseases and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were not positively associated with exposure to any of these pollutants.It is concluded that in this study a moderate increase in exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with an increased prevalence of cough and bronchitis, but not with atopic conditions in children. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 669±677. [3,4,6] and the occurrence of respiratory tract illnesses. Not all reports attempted to discriminate between the different phenotypes of these conditions. Reports that provide detailed information suggest an effect on the prevalence of cough and bronchitis, but not on asthma and atopy [2,7,8].Other epidemiological studies found an association between automobile [9,10] or truck traffic frequency [11± 13] and wheeze. Higher exposure to truck traffic and black smoke was also associated with impaired forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) [14]. Some studies also reported an association between truck traffic frequency [12,13] or black smoke exposure [11] and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. A large Italian study on 39,275 children [15] found a significant association between truck traffic exposure and wheeze, but the associations with other respiratory symptoms (cough and phlegm) were more pronounced. No positive associations were seen between traffic exposure and doctor-diagnosed asthma [9, 11], atopy [11] or bronchial hyperrespon-siveness (BHR) [9]. In contrast to these findings data from in vitro studies and laboratory experiments suggest that particles from diesel exhaust, one of the major contributors to particulate matter pollution in urban areas, specifically promote allergic reactions and BHR [16].Limitations of study design and exposure assessment have hampered the interpretation ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children

Hirsch¹,

Weiland²,

Mutius³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

191

139

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A study in Japan found that rate of asthma increased among girls living within 50 m of a trunk road (Shima et al, 2003), and an increased incidence of asthma during the follow-up period, that was significantly associated with atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (a vehicular exhaust emission) (Shima et al, 2002). A study in Italy found that children who live on streets with a high frequency of truck traffic may experience adverse respiratory effects with increased lower respiratory tract infections early in life and wheezing and bronchitic symptoms at school age (Ciccone et al, 1998). In the Netherlands, cough, wheeze, runny nose, and doctor-diagnosed asthma were significantly increased for children living within 100 m of the freeway (van Vliet et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children

Gordian

Haneuse

Wakefield

2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study investigated whether proximity to traffic at residence location is associated with being diagnosed with asthma as a young child. A survey of parents of children (aged 5-7) in kindergarten and first-grade in 13 schools was completed in Anchorage, Alaska, and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping was used to obtain an exposure measure based on traffic density within 100 m of the cross streets closest to the child's residence. Using the range of observed exposure values, a score of low, medium or high traffic exposure was assigned to each child. After controlling for individual level confounders, relative to the low referent group, relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of 1.40 (0.77, 2.55) and 2.83 (1.23,6.51) were obtained in the medium and high exposure groups, respectively. For the null hypothesis of no difference in risk, a significance level of 0.056 was obtained, which suggests that further investigation would be worthwhile. Children without a family history of asthma were more likely to have an asthma diagnosis if they resided in a high traffic area than children who had one or more parents with asthma. The relative risk for children without a family history of asthma is 2.43 (1.12, 5.28) for medium exposure and 5.43 (2.08, 13.74) for high exposure. For children with a family history of asthma, the relative risk is 0.66 (0.25, 1.74) for medium exposure and 0.67 (0.12, 3.69) for high exposure. The P-value for the overall ''exposure-effect'' (i.e. both main effects AND interaction terms) is 0.0097.

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“…Some studies have found an association between traffic volume and the number of hospital admissions for asthma (English et al, 1999), vehicle or truck traffic and self-reported symptoms of asthma (Weiland et al, 1994;Duhme et al, 1996), but others have found no association between asthma and traffic volume (Wilkinson et al, 1999). Truck and road traffic were related to chronic respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function in studies of adolescents (Wjst et al, 1993;Oosterlee et al, 1996;Van Vliet et al, 1997;Brunekreef et al, 1997;Ciccone et al, 1998). Most of these studies used traffic counts as a surrogate for exposure to vehicle emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic density in California: Socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children

Gunier

Hertz

Behren

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

188

135

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Motor vehicles are the main source of many hazardous air pollutants in California. Previous studies have shown that low-income and minority populations are more likely to live near industrial sources of pollution and in areas that do not meet national air quality standards. We estimated neighborhood exposures to motor vehicle emissions from a road network with daily traffic counts using a geographic information system. To calculate traffic density, we summed the average daily vehicle miles of travel per square mile of land area for each census block group in the state. We used 1990 census data to characterize the population by age, race and socioeconomic status in block groups with high traffic density. Block groups with more than 500,000 vehicle miles of travel per square mile were defined to be high traffic density. Statewide, about 5% of all block groups met this criterion and more than 215,000 children under 15 years of age lived in these high traffic density areas. Block groups in the lowest quartile of median family income were three times more likely to have high traffic density than block groups in the highest income quartile. The percentage of children living in high traffic density block groups increased with decreasing median family income for all race and ethnicities except White. Overall, children of color were about three times more likely to live in high-traffic areas than were white children. Based on this analysis, low-income and children of color have higher potential exposure to vehicle emissions. Future exposure assessment studies should target the highest traffic density areas, and health studies should consider the differences by income and race or ethnicity during design.

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Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group.

Cited by 227 publications

References 35 publications

Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children

Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children

An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children

Traffic density in California: Socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children

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