Road dust–driven elemental distribution in megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh: environmental, ecological, and human health risks assessment

Kormoker, Tapos; Kabir, Md. Humayun; Khan, Rahat; Islam, Md. Saiful; Shammi, Rifat Shahid; Al, Mamun Abdullah; Proshad, Ram; Tamim, Umma; Sarker, Md. Eusuf; Taj, Md. Tajul Islam; Akter, Asma; Idris, Abubakr M.

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17369-7

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…However, both As and Cd concentrations were very high during the partial and complete lockdown when compared to their background values. This is in agreement with reported values in the study of Newaz et al ( 2021 ) and Kormoker et al ( 2021 ). Based on land usage and period, no significant differences ( p > 0.05) on As concentrations was recorded while only by period that Cd concentrations showed significant differences ( p = 0.02).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Both Pb and Fe showed no significant differences ( p > 0.05), while their concentrations were also very high above background values of 17 and 30,890 µg/g, respectively. These findings are in agreements with previous studies from the area (Safiur et al 2019 ; Diganta et al 2020 ; Kormoker et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The classification for CF is given as CF = < 1 is low, CF = 1–3 is moderate, CF = > 3–6 is considerable, and > 6 is very high contamination (Gope et al 2017 ). All toxic elements in dust in all sites during the partial and complete lockdown showed moderate to very high contamination, which is in agreements with previously reported studies in Dhaka city (Kormoker et al 2021 ; Newaz et al 2021 ; Kabir et al 2021b ). The toxic elements always had higher contamination factors during partial lockdown to complete lockdown (Figure S1 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Generally, the toxic elements like Cr, Co, Ni, and As were strongly correlated to each other and toxic elements like Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were also strongly correlated implying that their source of emission may be atmospheric deposition and could be activities during the partial lockdown. Similar relationship between some of the toxic elements in the dust from Dhaka have been reported in recent studies (Kormoker et al 2021 ; Newaz et al 2021 ; Kabir et al 2021b ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In comparison with other studies, Diganta et al ( 2020 ) found that dust collected from road sides in Tangail Municipality of Bangladesh were not polluted by toxic elements (Pb, Cr, and Cd) studied. However, high toxic element pollution loads were reported in dust samples collected from Dhaka city (Ahmed et al 2016 ; Kabir et al 2021a ; Kormoker et al 2021 ).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements of fine street dust during COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh

Rabin

Wang

Kabir

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh government took the measure like partial lockdown (PL) and complete lockdown (CL) to curb the spread. These measures gave a chance for environmental restoration. In this study, street dust samples were collected during PL and CL from four main urban land use categories in Dhaka city, such as industrial area (IA), commercial area (CA), public facilities area (PFA), and residential area (RA). Ten potentially toxic elements (Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, As, and Cd) in fine street dust particles (diameter < 20 μm) were determined following aqua-regia digestion and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate distribution, pollution sources, and potential risks to ecological systems and human health. Results showed that during PL, the concentrations of toxic elements in the dust were higher than that of CL. Cd and Fe were lowest and highest in concentration with 1.56 to 41,970 µg/g and 0.82 to 39,330 µg/g in partial and complete lockdown period respectively. All toxic elements were detected at high levels above background values where Fe with the highest and Cd with lowest concentrations, respectively. By land use, the levels of toxic elements pollution followed IA > PFA > RA > CA. Correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that the sources of these analyzed toxic elements were mainly from anthropogenic which are related to industrial and vehicular or traffic emissions. Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ( I geo ), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) also suggested that the dust was more polluted during PL. Exposure of toxic elements to human was mainly via skin contact followed by ingestion and inhalation. Hazard quotient (HQ) values were < 1 except for Mn through dermal contact at all sites during partial and complete lockdown, similar to hazard index (HI), while Cr further showed high non-carcinogenic risks to children. Generally, children HI values were about 5–6 times higher than those of adults, suggesting a greater vulnerability of children to the health concerns caused by toxic elements in street dust. Carcinogenic risk (CR) values via ingestion pathway indicated all elements (except Pb) had significant health effect, while CR value by inhalation results showed no significant health effect. Cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR) value had significant health effect except Pb in all land use categories. CCR values decreased during CL and reached at acceptable limit for most of the cases. This research provides a message to the local governments and environmental authorities to have a complete assessment of toxic elements in the street dust of Dhaka megacity in order to assuring public health safety and ecological sustainability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-22541-8.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%