Risques viraux émergents en transfusion sanguine

Abstract

During the last 20 years, the safety of blood products increased dramatically with regard to the infectious risk and notably to that represented by retroviruses (HIV and HTLV) and hepatitis B and C viruses. The aim of this review is to identify the residual and emergent viral threats that could be responsible for the occurring of new contaminations in the receivers of blood products. Beside many other viruses (HHV-8, erythrovirus B19, hepatitis A and E viruses...), a special attention has been paid to emerging arbovirus diseases (West Nile virus infection, dengue, chikungunya) that threaten to occur in the French metropolitan area following the implantation in Europe of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya in temperate regions. Another blood-linked risk, notably in United Kingdom and France, is the prion agent responsible for the variant form of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The review is concluded by a brief overview of the measures aimed to control these emergences, including the exclusion of at-risk donors, the diagnostic tests able to detect a specific agent, the leukocyte reduction of labile blood products, and the physical or chemical treatments aiming the nonspecific inactivation of infectious agents potentially present in blood without impairing significantly the physiological properties of blood compounds. The ability to control prospectively the new viral risks linked to blood products is a challenge for the preservation of the confidence of both clinicians and receivers in the safety of blood transfusion.

Dengue virus serological markers among potential blood donors: an evidence of asymptomatic dengue virus transmission in Cameroon

“…The clinical picture of symptomatic dengue fever ranges from relatively mild to severe dengue fever that can be induced by DENV or by the presence of antibodies in blood recipient [ 6 , 21 ]. Transfusion of blood from donors having partially or neutralizing anti-DENV antibodies may increase the immunological susceptibility of recipients [ 3 , 4 , 8 , 22 ], have been proposed to authors including social vulnerability with recipient/vector prominence [ 23 ]. These recipients have a higher risk of developing severe forms of dengue fever if they are infected within months of transfusion with another DENV serotype [ 24 ], especially in an environment where all the four serotypes circulate like in Cameroon [ 22 ].…”

Seroprevalence of Asymptomatic Dengue Virus Infection and Its Antibodies Among Healthy/Eligible Saudi Blood Donors: Findings From Holy Makkah City

“…In addition to mosquito vectors, DENV is currently facing a specific global attention as a potential transfusion-transmitted virus that endangers blood transfusion safety. 3 , 16 – 20 Dengue virus has been widely detected in the blood and blood products of asymptomatic or subclinical acute infected donors around the world, and transmission of DENV from such donors to their corresponding recipients with subsequent disease development has been evidenced. 17 – 31 Most importantly, transmission of heterogeneous anti-DENV antibodies from donors has also been suggested to enhance the viral infectivity and virulence in recipients who are later exposed to a heterotopic DENV serotype infection, 23 and this in turn represents an additional risk of dengue disease to global blood transfusion safety and availability as more blood donors are deferred.…”

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in the General Population of Burkina Faso

“…This virus is also a major risk factor for the liver cancer [ 7 ]. HBV and HCV are easily transmissible through sexual, parenteral, and vertical routes [ 8 ]. Several behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors may also be responsible for their infections [ 9 ].…”