Risk in Decision Making as a Function of Age, Sex, and Probability Preference

Kass, Norman

doi:10.2307/1126721

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The first paper I found that uses incentivized choices over lotteries to study gender differences towards risk is Kass (1964). He has 52 children aged 6 to 10 choosing between three slot machines.…”

Section: Va Early Work and Surveys By Psychologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of those 48 papers (and dissertations), only 17 use "gambling tasks" (see their Table 1). 52 51 The oldest two studies in the survey, and also the oldest using "gambling tasks" were published in 1964, a book by Kogan and Wallach and the paper by Kass (1964) described earlier. 52 The others use tasks such as: "informed guessing" where "participants could earn points or money for correct guesses but could also lose points or money for incorrect guesses (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(While Kass (1964) mentions in the paper 52 participants, the abstract describes the study as including 21 boys and 21 girls.) While d = 0.80 represents the choices in the last 30 trials, this is only analysis where the data were described, so, the fact that the (presumable) lack of a gender gap in the forced choice part of the experiment is not represented is by no fault of Byrnes, Miller and Shafer (1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gender

Niederle¹

2014

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Section: Va Early Work and Surveys By Psychologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Gender

Niederle¹

2014

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“…Earlier studies reported similar differences. For example, Kass (1964) reported that girls in the age range 6-10 preferred slot machines that offered a sure, but smaller win, whereas boys preferred machines that offered higher potential winnings at greater risk. Slovic (1966) also found that boys favored options that carried greater risk, but only after age 9.…”

Section: Temperament As a Predictormentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of choices in a risky decision‐making task: a 3‐year longitudinal study with children and adults

Levin

Hart

Weller

et al. 2006

Behavioral Decision Making

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In a 3-year follow-up to Levin and Hart's (2003) study, we observed the same children, now 9-11 years old, and their parents in the same risky decision-making task. At the aggregate level the same pattern of means was observed across time periods. At the individual level the key variables were significantly correlated across time periods for both children and adults. Taken together with the results from the original study and earlier studies, these results solidify the following conclusions: children utilize both probability and outcome information in risky decision-making; the tendency to make more risky choices to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain of equal magnitude, which is a major tenet of the leading theories of risky decision-making, occurs for children as well as adults; children make more risky choices than adults; temperamental predictors of risky choice are valid for children as well as for adults.

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“…Kass ( 1964,) had subjects aged 6, 8, and 10 years repeatedly pla.y I 2 their choice among three slot machines. The machines were programmed to be equal in expected monetary return but differed in probability of payoff.…”

Section: Sex Differences In the Risks A Person Selects For Himself Amentioning

confidence: 99%