CONCLUSIONSCorrelations between the measure of conformity, the two figure drawing scales, and the measure of artistic ability suggest that scores on the two figure drawing scales reflect artistic ability rather than conformity, or related states, as reflected in the stooge situation.These findings, taken in conjunction with others cited above(', am '3 *), indicate that in the absence of specific validation it is highly questionable to base interpretations on mechanically scored scales derived from drawings of the human figure. REFEHENCES as a function of field dependence. Percept. nwl. Skills, 1969, $9, 299-306. Personality Through Perlopurl Dz~ereniialion. New York: Wiley, 1962. of the human figure.

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The principal aim of this study was to determine relationships among (a) 8 measures of the need for achievement (n Ach) and ( 6) 12 measures of riskpreference. A secondary aim was to subject to empirical test the Atkinson risk-taking model involving relationships between a and b. Subjects were 198 undergraduate males. They were administered a battery of measures over a 4-week period. Analysis of the data revealed (a) low nonsignificant correlations among n Ach measures; (ft) extremely poor reliability (both internal consistency and test-retest) for traditional n Ach measures; (c) low convergence across risk-preferences in a variety of contexts; and (d) confirmation of the Atkinson model only for risk preferences in vocational choices. Factor analyses of both n Ach and risk-preference measures provided striking evidence of the multidimensional nature of these constructs. The results clearly indicate that the several n Ach indexes do not measure the same thing and must not be used interchangeably. Implications of the present study for future research in the area of n Ach are discussed.

GSR reactivity, serving as a physiological measure of affective arousal, was instigated and conditioned when Ss observed a performer consistently failing at a motor task. Experimental groups who were told that shock was contingent upon the performer's failure manifested no more vicarious affective reactions than groups observing failure only. Groups observing failure consistently responded with more GSRs than groups observing task success.

Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS: Kiresuk & Sherman, 1968) and a non-scaled goalsetting ( NGAS ) approach were compared in terms of their impact upon case planning and treatment outcome. Experiment i tested the hypothesis that GAS clinicians would formulate more specific indicators of treatment goal progress and set goals more relevant to identified case needs than would NGAS clinicians, while both groups would be equally adept at identifying case needs. Experiment n hypothesized that GAS cases would receive higher scores than NGAS cases on standardized measures of treatment outcome, and that GAS scores would correlate significantly with global measures of improvement. Results of Experiment i provided support for the contribution of GAS to greater indicator specificity, but not goal relevance. Results of Experiment n indicated that GAS cases were perceived by teachers as showing more change than NGAS cases. Improvement on GAS goals was not related to improvement on global measures of treatment outcome.