Risk factors of stunting in Indonesian children aged 1 to 60 months

Abstract

Background The Indonesian province of Aceh has a high prevalence of stunting. Identifying risk factors for stunting may help prevention efforts. The Growth Diagrams of Indonesian Children are a specific tool to diagnose stunting in Indonesian pediatric populations.
 Objective To determine the risk factors of stunting in children aged 1-60 months using the Growth Diagrams of Indonesian Children.
 Methods This observational, analytic study with case-control design was conducted in the Lawe Alas District, Southeast Aceh, Indonesia to compare prior risk factors exposure between stunted children (cases) and non-stunted children (controls) from January-April 2018. Subjects were children aged 1-60 months and recruited by consecutive sampling.
 Results The subjects comprised 97 cases and 97 controls, totaling 194 subjects, internal risk factors of stunting were short birth length (OR 2.87; 95%CI 1.24 to 6.61; P=0.011), inadequate calorie intake (OR 2.37; 95%CI 1.32 to 4.27; P=0.004), non-exclusive breastfeeding (OR 3.64; 95%CI 2.01 to 6.61; P<0.001), chronic diarrhea (OR 6.56; 95%CI 3.33 to 13.01; P<0.001) and upper respiratory tract infections (OR 3.47; 95%CI 1.89 to 6.35; P<0.001). External risk factors of stunting were unimproved sanitation (OR 2.98; 95%CI 1.62 to 5.48; P<0.001), unimproved water sources (OR 2.71; 95%CI 1.50 to 4.88; P=0.001), low family income (OR 2.49; 95%CI 1.38 to 4.49; P=0.002), low paternal educational level (OR 2.98; 95%CI 1.62 to 5.48; P<0.001), low maternal educational level (OR 2.64; 95%CI 1.38 to 5.04; P=0.003), and living in households with >4 family members (OR 1.23; 95%CI 0.69 to 2.17; P=0.469). Regression analysis showed that the dominant risk factor of stunting was chronic diarrhea (OR 5.41; 95%CI 2.20 to 13.29; P<0.001).
 Conclusion The history of chronic diarrhea and non-exclusive breastfeeding are the main risk factors of childhood stunting.

Exclusive breastfeeding and low birth weight as risk factors of stunting in under-five children: A case-control study in Darul Imarah Sub-District, Aceh Besar, Indonesia

“…Another study in Jambi Indonesia proved that delaying breastfeeding could increase 1.3 times risk of stunting (Muldiasman et al, 2018). Finally, a study in Lawe Alas, Aceh discovered that children without exclusive breastfeeding had 3.64 times as high risk of stunting as children with exclusive breastfeeding (Wicaksono et al, 2021).…”

Pengaruh Intervensi Gizi Sensitif terhadap Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 6-24 Bulan selama Pandemi Covid-19

“…Rendahnya tingkat pendidikan ibu berimbas pada rendahnya pendapatan 41 dan alokasi sumber daya 40 . Selain itu, pendidikan yang rendah juga menyebabkan tidak memadainya akses pelayanan kesehatan 31,37,38,42 , buruknya perilaku kebersihan 39,43 , dan praktek pemberian makan 38 , serta rendahnya pengetahuan tumbuh kembang 36 .…”

“…Proporsi balita stunting sedikit lebih tinggi pada keluarga besar (Tabel 1). Keluarga besar lebih meningkatkan risiko terjadinya stunting 29,36,40,59 . Kelangkaan sumber daya seperti jumlah dan mutu pangan rendah 40,48,76 , persaingan mengakses makanan 40 , dan kurangnya pelayanan kesehatan lebih banyak ditemukan pada keluarga dengan jumlah anggota besar 48,75,76 .…”

“…Hal ini diduga karena pemerataan dalam mendapatkan akses pangan dan pelayanan kesehatan kesehatan setiap anggota keluarga pada penelitian ini. Menurut Wicaksono et al 36 Bantuan tunai bersyarat seperti PKH dan BPNT merupakan intervensi gizi sensitif yang diharapkan dapat berdampak pada penurunan stunting. Beberapa penelitian di tingkat global membuktikan efek positif bantuan tunai bersyarat/ tidak bersyarat dalam penurunan stunting.…”

Efektivitas Metode Penyuluhan dan Konseling Dalam Upaya Perbaikan Status Gizi Pada Anak Malnutrisi

“…Penelitian di Indonesia menunjukkan factor risiko internal dari kejadian stunting adalah Panjang badan pendek ketika lahir, asupan kalori yang tidak adekuat, tidak ASI Eksklusif, diare kronis dan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas. Sedangkan factor risiko eksternal kejad.ian stunting adalah sanitasi buruk, pendapatan keluarga rendah, tingkat Pendidikan orangtua rendah dan terdapat lebih dari 4 anggota keluarga dalam 1 rumah (Wicaksono et al, 2021).…”