Risk factors for the spread of vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses after global withdrawal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and the effects of outbreak responses with monovalent vaccine: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data for 51 countries in Africa

Cooper, Laura V; Bandyopadhyay, Ananda S; Gumede, Nicksy; Mach, Ondrej; Mkanda, Pascal; Ndoutabe, Modjirom; Okiror, Samuel; Ramirez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Touray, Kebba; Wanyoike, Sarah; Grassly, Nicholas C; Blake, Isobel M.

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00453-9

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Since then, monovalent OPV2 has been given only as a response to cVDPV2 outbreaks [ 10 ]. Nevertheless, an increase in the number of cVDPV type 2 outbreaks has been reported worldwide in recent years [ 11 ]. During 2022, a new challenge in the World Health Organization (WHO) poliovirus eradication programme includes controlling PV2 events not only in low-income countries [ 12 ] but also in countries with high vaccination coverage such as the US (New York), the United Kingdom and Israel [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

et al. 2022

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We report an emergence and increase in poliovirus type 2 detection via routine wastewater surveillance in three non-overlapping regions in the Jerusalem region, Israel, between April and July 2022. Sequencing showed genetic linkage among isolates and accumulation of mutations over time, with two isolates defined as vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). This demonstrates the emergence and potential circulation of type 2 VDPV in a high-income country with high vaccine coverage and underscores the importance of routine wastewater surveillance during the polio eradication.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

et al. 2022

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“…This has been explained by low immunization rates in communities [2,3]. Globally cVDPV2 has caused more cases of poliomyelitis than wild poliovirus every year since 2017, with 1057 cases reported in 2020 [4].…”

Section: Polio Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening polio vaccine demand in Ghana: Understanding the factors influencing uptake of the vaccine and the effectiveness of different message frames

Lohiniva¹,

Nurzhynska²,

Mueed

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Background Ghana has experienced recent polio outbreaks. Behavioral insights can be used to understand behavior and create demand for the polio vaccine. Methods This cross-sectional study is based on an interactive mobile phone survey that explored factors influencing the uptake of the polio vaccine among Ghanaian mothers with children younger than five years old. The survey also explores the mothers’ intention to vaccinate their children in the future as well as an experiment with short polio vaccine voice message nudges to identify the most effective message frames in encouraging vaccination. The study sample was drawn from volunteers from a mobile service platform. Linear probability model regressions with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates were used to analyze the data. Results In total, data from 708 caregivers was assessed. Out of the sample, 35% (n = 250) had not vaccinated their children against polio, around 8% (n = 53) of respondents stated they did not plan to do so, while 28% expressed intent to do so during the next polio vaccination campaign. Higher vaccination of children against polio, i.e. better uptake of the polio vaccine, appeared to be associated with children’s caregivers knowing that polio causes paralysis (with a coefficient of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.24), i.e. 13% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated). Higher vaccine uptake also appeared to be associated with the perception that the polio vaccine is safe (with a coefficient of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.22), i.e. 11% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated). Another factor in increasing vaccine uptake is whether caregivers receive support from healthcare workers with a coefficient of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.20), i.e. 11% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated. Crucially, difficulty accessing the polio vaccine appeared to be associate with a negative change in vaccine uptake (with a coefficient of -0.16 (95% CI: -0.23, -0.08), i.e. 16% less likely to have their child vaccinated). Satisfaction with the information provided by vaccinators was also associated with better vaccine uptake (with a coefficient of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.20) i.e. 12% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated); and having seen or heard something negative about the polio vaccine with a coefficient of 0.10 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.17), i.e. 10% more likely than not to have their child vaccinated. The social norms message frame was statistically significant with a coefficient of 0.06 (95% CI: -0.004, 012). Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that most women with children under the age of 5 appear to have vaccinated their children against polio. Many more caregivers express an intention to vaccinate their children, never having done so before. The behavior and the intention to vaccinate are both driven by a number of factors that must be addressed to create demand for the polio vaccine. Targeted message frames appeared to be statistically significant drivers of vaccine uptake. However, more research is required to understand how they impact vaccine behavior and future intention for vaccination.

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“…10 Currently, cVDPV2 is the most prevalent cause of poliomyelitis internationally, causing more cases of poliomyelitis than WPV every year since 2017, with 959 cases occurring globally in 2020, and only 6 reported WTP cases in 2021. 7,12 Three cases of disease caused by VDPV have been identified in the US since 2000, before this most recent reported case. All cases occurred in unvaccinated or immunosuppressed individuals.…”

Section: Local and Global Poliomyelitis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason and because endemic polio in the US was essentially eradicated, the US has used inactivated poliovirus vaccine exclusively since 2000 10 . Currently, cVDPV2 is the most prevalent cause of poliomyelitis internationally, causing more cases of poliomyelitis than WPV every year since 2017, with 959 cases occurring globally in 2020, and only 6 reported WTP cases in 2021 7, 12 . Three cases of disease caused by VDPV have been identified in the US since 2000, before this most recent reported case.…”

Section: Local and Global Poliomyelitis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐Emergence of Poliovirus in the United States: Considerations and Implications

Russo

Goyal

Tyler

et al. 2022

Annals of Neurology

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The first case of paralytic poliomyelitis in nearly a decade in the US was discovered in a 20-year-old unvaccinated man from Rockland County, New York, in July 2022, who developed acute flaccid myelitis. The isolated virus from stool sampling was found to be a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2, derived from the oral polio vaccine. Since the discovery of this case, local wastewater surveillance has revealed evidence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in local counties, as well as in New York City, representing community transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, routine vaccination administration has declined globally, with increasing numbers of communities not vaccinated for poliovirus. Now, with evidence of local community transmission, the clinical implication for at-risk unvaccinated individuals is significant. Here, we review the epidemiological origin of this discovered strain of poliovirus, national and international methods of surveillance for poliovirus, and neurological features of poliovirus. We also highlight the opportunities and challenges involved in monitoring suspected cases, as well as the unique role neurologists might play in national and global poliomyelitis surveillance.

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Risk factors for the spread of vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses after global withdrawal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and the effects of outbreak responses with monovalent vaccine: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data for 51 countries in Africa

Cited by 32 publications

References 28 publications

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

Strengthening polio vaccine demand in Ghana: Understanding the factors influencing uptake of the vaccine and the effectiveness of different message frames

Re‐Emergence of Poliovirus in the United States: Considerations and Implications

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