Risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of the foot and mouth disease virus in Eastern Rwanda

Udahemuka, Jean Claude; Aboge, Gabriel Oluga; Obiero, George; Lebea, Phiyani Justice; Onono, Joshua Orungo; Paone, Massimo

doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02610-1

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The detection of antibodies to NSP such as the highly conserved 3ABC is widely used to determine the FMDV seroprevalence (11). Recently, we were not able to get information on seroprevalence for the study on FMD risk factors in Eastern Rwanda (12), therefore this study sets a baseline to get first-hand FMD seroepidemiological information in cattle and small ruminants in Eastern Rwanda. With 3ABC ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), antigens against FMDV were detected at the prevalence of 9.36% and 2.65% in cattle and in goats respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We typed the strain responsible for the 2017 and 2020 FMD outbreaks as SAT 2, this serotype is the most predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa (24,25). Considering the samples from Rwanda that have been typed previously, SAT 2 seems to be the most predominant serotype in the last 20 years in Rwanda as well (12). However, in the region, it comes second alongside serotype A and after serotype O (7,26–29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological and Molecular Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and other animal pathogens at the Interface of Akagera National Park and Surrounding Cattle Farms between 2017 and 2020

Udahemuka

Aboge

Obiero

et al. 2021

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Background: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family of the picornaviride and responsible for the disease with the highest economic impact, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD is endemic in Rwanda but there are gaps in knowing the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology. This study reports the FMD seroprevalence and molecular characterization of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Surveillance in FMDV wild reservoirs, the African buffaloes, was also carried out revealing the presence of other pathogens and commensals. Results: The overall seroprevalence of FMD in the study area is at 9.36% in cattle and 2.65% in goats. We detected FMDV using molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and RT-LAMP and the phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed the presence of serotype SAT 2, lineage II. Sequencing of oropharyngeal fluids collected from African buffaloes revealed the presence of several pathogens and commensals but no FMDV was detected in buffaloes. The plethora of pathogens identified from the buffalo gut gives an idea of the health challenges faced by cattle keepers in Eastern Rwanda due to possible cross infectivity on wildlife-domestic animals interface regions. Conclusions: We recommend further studies to focus on sampling more African buffaloes since the number sampled was statistically insignificant to conclusively exclude the presence or absence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda buffaloes. The use of RT-PCR alongside RT-LAMP demonstrates that the latter can be adopted in endemic areas such as Rwanda to fill in the gaps in terms of molecular diagnostics. The identification of lineage II of SAT 2 in Rwanda for the first time shows that the pools as previously established are not static over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological and Molecular Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and other animal pathogens at the Interface of Akagera National Park and Surrounding Cattle Farms between 2017 and 2020

Udahemuka

Aboge

Obiero

et al. 2021

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“…The park has suitable habitats for tsetse survival and hosts a high concentration of preferred wild animals such as warthogs and buffaloes on which the flies constantly feed [ 30 ]. Along the park boundary, many cattle farms surround its entire length together with the settled farmers homesteads [ 31 ]. This situation makes the area a suitable habitat and therefore increases the tsetse challenge at the interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda

et al. 2021

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Background Glossina (tsetse flies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomosis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribution. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse flies in and around the Akagera National Park. Methods A longitudinal stratified sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identified using FAO keys, and the number of flies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The significance (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors. Results A total of 39,516 tsetse flies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3 while 38.7% were males. Two species were identified, i.e. G. pallidipes [n = 29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n = 10,395; 2.6 FTD). The statistical difference in numbers was significant between the two species (p = 0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD). Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface. Glossina morsitans was 0.218 times less likely to occur outside the park. The chance of co-existing between the two species reduced outside the protected area (0.021 times). Conclusions The occurrence of Glossina seems to be limited to the protected Akagera NP and a narrow band of its surrounding areas. This finding will be crucial to design appropriate control strategies. Glossina pallidipes was found in higher numbers and therefore is conceivably the most important vector of trypanosomosis. Regional coordinated control and regular monitoring of Glossina distribution are recommended. Graphic Abstract

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“…Risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks have been reported in previous studies, including climatic factors, livestock density, transportation and breeding factors [10][11][12]. Given the considerable impact of FMD, a signi cant number of studies focused on evaluating risks, which have sought to provide guidance it mitigates risk, conduct contingency planning, and insights to potential economic outcomes [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis

Wang

Jian-hua

Ouyang

et al. 2021

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Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. As a transboundary animal disease, the prevention and control of FMD are important. This study was based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess FMD risk areas in mainland China. Ten risk factors were identified for constructing risk maps by scoring, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the criteria weights of all factors. Different risk factors had different units and attributes, and fuzzy membership was used to standardize the risk factors. The weighted linear combination (WLC) and one-at-a-time (OAT) were used to obtain risk and uncertainty maps as well as to perform sensitivity analysis. Results Four major risk areas were identified in mainland China, including western (Xinjiang and Tibet), southern (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong), northern (Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia), and eastern (Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong). We found spring as the main season for FMD outbreaks. Risk areas were associated with the distance to previous outbreak points, grazing areas and cattle density. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk map had good predictive power (AUC = 0.8532). Conclusions These results can be used to delineate FMD risk areas in mainland China, and provinces can adopt the targeted preventive measures and control strategies.

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Risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of the foot and mouth disease virus in Eastern Rwanda

Cited by 19 publications

References 47 publications

Serological and Molecular Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and other animal pathogens at the Interface of Akagera National Park and Surrounding Cattle Farms between 2017 and 2020

Serological and Molecular Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and other animal pathogens at the Interface of Akagera National Park and Surrounding Cattle Farms between 2017 and 2020

An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda

Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis

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