Risk Factors for the Development of Psychopathology Following Trauma

Sayed, Sehrish; Iacoviello, Brian M.; Charney, Dennis S.

doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0612-y

Cited by 123 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…These results could be due either to selection and/or to prior exposures promoting resilience (Wilson et al, 2009). Both experimental animal studies (Liu, 2015) and observational human studies (Rutter, 2012) support the resilience possibility, although research showing that intervening psychopathology due to prior traumas mediates the association between trauma history and subsequent PTSD (Sayed et al, 2015) confirms that prior traumas are more likely to create vulnerability than resilience. Research on the ‘healthy warrior effect’ supports the selection possibility (Larson, Highfill-McRoy, & Booth-Kewley, 2008; Wilson et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WMH results regarding PTSD persistence, in comparison, are anti-conservative because they assess persistence of any symptom rather than of the full PTSD syndrome. Results regarding predictors, finally, are limited by excluding prior psychopathology, which is known to be the strongest predictor of PTSD onset given trauma type (DiGangi et al, 2013; Sayed et al, 2015), and trauma characteristics-sequelae, which are known to be strong predictors of persistence (Morina et al, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These questions are the subject of considerable research (Liberzon & Abelson, 2016; Sayed, Iacoviello, & Charney, 2015; Smoller, 2016). One prior consideration is the possibility that PTSD risk varies significantly by trauma type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Kessler

Aguilar‐Gaxiola

Alonso

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

984

720

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Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their ‘worst.’ Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD. Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the ‘worst’ lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Kessler

Aguilar‐Gaxiola

Alonso

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

984

720

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Peritrauma factors can include the duration or severity of trauma experience and the perception that the trauma has ended. Posttrauma factors can include access to needed resources, social support, specific cognitive patterns and physical activity (Sayed, Iacoviello, & Charney, 2015). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peritraumatic reactions in relation to trauma exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in high school students

Aho

Svedin

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Exposure to traumatic events is clearly associated with a diversity of subsequent mental health problems, with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the most prevalent disorder. Epidemiologically, trauma exposure rates are more prevalent than PTSD, indicating that most trauma victims do not develop PTSD. More knowledge is needed to understand the development of the different posttraumatic pathways including the significance of pretraumatic, peritraumatic and posttraumatic risk factors. Objective: To study peritraumatic reactions in relation to trauma exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and to enhance our understanding of peritraumatic reactions as mediators between trauma and later symptomatology. Method: The study was composed of a representative community sample of 5332 second year high school students (mean age 17.3 years) who completed the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (SAQ/JVQ), Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) and answered questions about peritraumatic reactions. Mediation effects of peritraumatic reactions on the trauma exposure relationship to symptoms was tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: Traumatic events are common (84.1%) and are accompanied in three-quarters of the students with at least one form of peritraumatic reaction. Peritraumatic reactions, especially peritraumatic dissociative reactions, mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and symptoms, and gender moderates the effect of peritraumatic dissociation. This moderating effect was found to be larger for boys than for girls, indicating gender differences in response to trauma. Conclusions: The results indicate the need to screen for peritraumatic reactions as early as possible after a traumatic event in order to identify those at risk for PTSD.

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“…Posttrauma factors can include access to needed resources, social support, specific cognitive patterns, and physical activity (Sayed et al, 2015).…”

Section: Peritraumatic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Victimization, Prevalence, Health and Peritraumatic Reactions in Swedish Adolescents

Aho¹

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The aim of this thesis was to expand the knowledge of victimization in children and youth in Sweden. Victimization, prevalence, health and peritraumatic reactions were explored in a cross sectional, representative sample of 5,960 second grade high school students in Sweden. A computerized survey was developed and administered in class room setting.Lifetime victimization was found in 84.1% of the sample (m=83.0%, f=85.2%), and, in relation to the five domains, 66.4% had experienced conventional crime, 24% child maltreatment, 54.4% peer and sibling victimization, 21.8% sexual victimization, and 54% had experienced witness victimization. Females experienced significantly more child maltreatment, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, and witnessed victimization, males more conventional crime (p<0.001). Using logistic regression risk factors for victimization were confirmed by a significant increase OR regarding gender, environment and lack of both parents.Symptoms (TSCC), were clearly associated with both victimizations per se and the number of victimizations. The results indicated a relatively linear increase in symptoms with an increase in number of events experienced. Mental health of the polyvictimized group was significantly worse than that of the non-polyvictimized group, with significantly elevated TSCC scores (t<0.001). Hierarchical regression analysis resulted in beta value reduction when polyvictimization was introduced supporting the independent effect on symptoms.Social anxiety was found in 10.2 % (n = 605) of the total group (n = 5,960). A significant gender difference emerged, with more females than males reporting social anxiety. Elevated PTSS was found in 14.8 % (n=883). Binary logistic regression revealed the highest OR for having had contact with child and adolescent psychiatry was found for the combined group with social anxiety and elevated PTSS (OR = 4.88, 95 % CI = 3.53-6.73, p<001). Significant associations were also found between use of child and adolescent psychiatry and female gender iv (b=0.355,]. In males a mediating effect of PD could be seen in the different models, while females had a more mixed result. IT did not show any indirect effect in males, but had a mixed effect for females.The empirical findings in this thesis lead to the conclusion that victimization is highly prevalent in children and youth and is related to health issues. The association of victimization on symptoms was mediated by peritraumatic reactions. Using a comprehensive instrument such as the JVQ provides the researcher or clinician the opportunity to acquire more complete measurement and also makes it possible to identify polyvictimization, a high-level category of events with severe impact on health.v Acknowledgement

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Risk Factors for the Development of Psychopathology Following Trauma

Cited by 123 publications

References 77 publications

Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Peritraumatic reactions in relation to trauma exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in high school students

Victimization, Prevalence, Health and Peritraumatic Reactions in Swedish Adolescents

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