Risk Factors for Stage IV Breast Cancer at the Time of Presentation in Turkey

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and is a leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide, accounting for 23% of cancer diagnoses (1.38 million women) and 14% of cancer deaths (458,000 women) per year (Jemal et al., 2011 ;Redig and McAllister, 2013 In univariate analysis; to comparing these with patients at other stages, no statistical difference was found for median diagnosis age or age at menarche (p=0.611 and p=0.820), whereas age at menopause and age at first live birth were significant (p=0.018 and p=0.003). No difference was detected in terms of accompanying diseases, use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, smoking, alcohol consumption and the rate of family history of BC between the patients (p=0.655, p=0.389, p=0.762, p=0.813, p=0.229, p=0.737). However, screening methods were employed less often, the rate of illiteracy was higher, and the rate of other cancers was higher in patients with stage IV BC (p=0.022, p=0.022, p=0.018). No statistical difference was observed between the patients in terms of tumour histopathology, and status of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor-2 receptor (p=0.389, p=0.326, p=0.949, p=0.326). Grade 3 tumours were more frequent in patients with stage IV disease (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, risk factors for stage IV breast cancer at the time of presentation were found to be age at first live birth and educational level (p=0.003 and p=0.047). Conclusions: Efforts should be made to perform mammography scans, in particular, at regular intervals through national training programs for all women, particularly those with family histories of breast and other types of cancer, and to establish early diagnosis of BC long before it proceeds to stage IV. Additionally, women's education had better be upgraded. In order to make women aware of BC, national education-programmes must be organised.

Clinicopathologic Features and Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer in Young Women (Age ≤35)

“…This is higher than it is reported in the POSH study (2.5%) where women aged ≤40 years were recruited (Copson et al, 2014).Our finding is similar with another study from Turkey; Uyetürk et al reported that 12.6% of breast cancer patients were presented with stage IV disease. There was no difference between stage IV and other stages in terms of age at diagnosis (Uyeturk et al, 2013).…”

Oral Contraceptives, Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk: a Case Control Study in Saudi Arabia

“…One study in Iranian women for example showed increased incidence of breast cancer with OCPs, and found a correlation between type of oral contraceptive and age at starting the OCP (Vaisy et al, 2014). Another Report from Turkey showed no association between stage IV breast cancer and OCP use (Uyeturk et al, 2013). A study from China showed that reproductive factors such as age at menarche, parity, breastfeeding, menopausal status and abortion history have different effects on the subtypes of breast cancer in their population (Xing et al, 2010).…”

Stereotactic Vacuum-Assisted Core Biopsy Results for Non-Palpable Breast Lesions

“…Therefore, a method of stereotactic vacuum-assisted core (SVC) biopsy has come into use for histopathologic diagnosis of these lesions (Tothova et al, 2013). Through the extensive use of mammography in screening for breast cancer, widespread national breast cancer screening programs, and the increase in breast cancer awareness, non-palpable suspicious lesions are being detected more frequently (NHS Breast Screening Programme, 2009;Dogan et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012;Fouladi et al, 2013;Uyeturk et al, 2013;Avci et al, 2014). Until a few years ago, surgical methods were used for histopathologic evaluation of such lesions that were invisible under ultrasonography.…”