Risk Factors for Sporadic Shigellosis, FoodNet 2005

Haley, Clinton C.; Ong, Kanyin; Hedberg, Katrina; Cieslak, Paul R.; Scallan, Elaine; Marcus, Ruthanne; Shin, Sanghyuk S.; Cronquist, Alicia; Gillespie, Jennifer; Jones, Timothy F.; Shiferaw, Beletshachew; Fuller, Candace C.; Edge, Karen; Zansky, Shelley; Ryan, Patricia; Hoekstra, Robert M.; Mintz, Eric D.

doi:10.1089/fpd.2009.0448

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Organisms of the bacterial genus Shigella are a common cause of moderate to severe diarrhea and dysentery in children attending day care facilities, those living in resource-limited settings, and travelers to such areas ( 1 – 5 ). In many low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), such as Vietnam, endemic shigellosis is now predominantly caused by Shigella sonnei .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azithromycin Resistance in Shigella spp. in Southeast Asia

Darton

Tuyen

Newton

et al. 2018

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Infection by Shigella spp. is a common cause of dysentery in Southeast Asia. Antimicrobials are thought to be beneficial for treatment; however, antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. is becoming widespread. We aimed to assess the frequency and mechanisms associated with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in Southeast Asian Shigella isolates and use these data to assess appropriate susceptibility breakpoints. Shigella isolates recovered in Vietnam and Laos were screened for susceptibility to azithromycin (15 μg) by disc diffusion and MIC. Phenotypic resistance was confirmed by PCR amplification of macrolide resistance loci. We compared the genetic relationships and plasmid contents of azithromycin-resistant Shigella sonnei isolates using whole-genome sequences. From 475 available Shigella spp. isolated in Vietnam and Laos between 1994 and 2012, 6/181 S. flexneri isolates (3.3%, MIC ≥ 16 g/liter) and 16/294 S. sonnei isolates (5.4%, MIC ≥ 32 g/liter) were phenotypically resistant to azithromycin. PCR amplification confirmed a resistance mechanism in 22/475 (4.6%) isolates (mphA in 19 isolates and ermB in 3 isolates). The susceptibility data demonstrated the acceptability of the S. flexneri (MIC ≥ 16 g/liter, zone diameter ≤ 15 mm) and S. sonnei (MIC ≥ 32 g/liter, zone diameter ≤ 11 mm) breakpoints with a <3% discrepancy. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that decreased susceptibility has arisen sporadically in Vietnamese S. sonnei isolates on at least seven occasions between 2000 and 2009 but failed to become established. While the proposed susceptibility breakpoints may allow better recognition of resistant isolates, additional studies are required to assess the impact on the clinical outcome. The potential emergence of azithromycin resistance highlights the need for alternative options for management of Shigella infections in countries where Shigella is endemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azithromycin Resistance in Shigella spp. in Southeast Asia

Darton

Tuyen

Newton

et al. 2018

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The individuals, including young children, older adults and immune-compromised populations, may be at more risk for Shigella infection (Njuguna et al, 2013). The low infective dose (10 cells) of Shigella permits the disease to be effectively spread by contaminated food or water, and also by person-to-person contact, thus the foodborne or waterborne outbreaks of Shigella are common (Haley et al, 2010; Nygren et al, 2013; Baker et al, 2015). Herein, a reliable detection tool is needed to offer accurate diagnosis of Shigella to achieve infection control, clinical care and epidemiologic investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Multiple Cross Displacement Amplification Label-Based Gold Nanoparticles Lateral Flow Biosensor for Detection of Shigella spp.

Wang

et al. 2016

Front. Microbiol.

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Shigella spp., the etiological agent of shigellosis or “bacillary dysentery,” are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in excess of a million deaths globally per year. Although PCR-based techniques (such as PCR-based dipstick biosensors) have been used for the molecular diagnosis of infectious disease, these assays were restricted due to the need for a sophisticated thermal cycling apparatus to denature target templates. To facilitate simple and rapid detection of target pathogens, we successfully devised an inexpensive, reliable and nearly instrument-free molecular technique, which incorporates multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) combined with a newly designed lateral flow biosensor (LFB) for visual, sensitive and specific detection of Shigella. The MCDA-LFB assay was conducted at 65°C for only 20 min during the amplification stage, and then products were directly analyzed on the biosensor, alleviating the use of special reagents, electrophoresis equipment and amplicon detection instruments. The entire process, including specimen processing (35 min), amplification (20) and detection (2–5 min), can be finished within 1 h. The MCDA-LFB assay demonstrated high specificity for Shigella detection. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was 10 fg of genomic templates per reaction in pure culture and 5.86 CFU per tube in human fecal samples, which was consistent with MCDA by colorimetric indicator, gel electrophoresis, real time turbidity and fluorescence detection. Hence, the simplicity, rapidity and nearly instrument-free platform of the MCDA-LFB assay make it practical for ‘on-site’ diagnosis, point-of-care testing and more. Moreover, the proof-of-concept approach can be reconfigured to detect a wide variety of target sequences by re-designing the specific MCDA primers.

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“…Shigella outbreaks in the USA frequently result from person-to-person transmission in daycare settings with inadequate hygiene practices [5]. Other outbreaks have been associated with recreational contact with contaminated water, sexual contact among men who have sex with men, living in communities or institutions with crowding or compromised hygiene, and consuming contaminated food or water [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Foodborne shigellosis outbreaks have been associated with many types of raw and cooked foods (notably produce, but also commercially prepared ready-to-eat products).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998–2008

et al. 2012

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SUMMARYWe examined reported outbreaks of foodborne shigellosis in the USA from 1998 to 2008 and summarized demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 120 confirmed outbreaks resulting in 6208 illnesses. Most reported foodborne shigellosis outbreaks (n=70, 58%) and outbreak-associated illnesses (n=3383, 54%) were restaurant-associated. The largest outbreaks were associated with commercially prepared foods distributed in multiple states and foods prepared in institutional settings. Foods commonly consumed raw were implicated in 29 (24%) outbreaks and infected food handlers in 28 (23%) outbreaks. Most outbreaks (n=86, 72%) were caused by Shigella sonnei. Targeted efforts to reduce contamination during food handling at multiple points in the food processing and distribution system, including food preparation in restaurants and institutional settings, could prevent many foodborne disease outbreaks and outbreak-related illnesses including those due to Shigella.

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Risk Factors for Sporadic Shigellosis, FoodNet 2005

Abstract: Sporadic shigellosis is most common among young children and Hispanics. Common exposures include international travel and contact with ill persons or daycare. However, more than one-third of US shigellosis cases annually might be due to food consumed in the United States.

Cited by 28 publications

References 26 publications

Azithromycin Resistance in Shigella spp. in Southeast Asia

Azithromycin Resistance in Shigella spp. in Southeast Asia

Development of Multiple Cross Displacement Amplification Label-Based Gold Nanoparticles Lateral Flow Biosensor for Detection of Shigella spp.

Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998–2008

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