Risk Factors for Sexual Harassment in Public Places

Anwar, Farida; Österman, Karin; Björkqvist, Kaj

doi:10.47577/tssj.v8i1.594

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This study is the first to our knowledge that explores associations between historical experiences of CCP and UWSA victimisation on a single occasion in nightlife settings. Prior literature on this topic suggest childhood punishment impacts the victim’s self-esteem, which may in turn increase their future risk of sexual harassment [ 25 ]. Similar theories are shared in research examining the impact of childhood abuse on intimate partner victimisation, which suggests future victimisation stems from a learned acceptance or tolerance of abusive behaviour over time [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vulnerability of CCP appears to be present for verbal and physical victimisation when measured on a single night in the nightlife [ 12 ]. Only one cross-sectional study of university students in Finland was found on CCP and UWSA which showed a positive relationship between a history of CCP and experiencing UWSA in the nightlife environment [ 25 ]. The current exploratory study aims to examine whether this relationship is present for UWSA victimisation among young people attending nightlife settings in Brisbane, Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated with Unwanted Sexual Attention in Australian Nightlife Districts: An Exploratory Study of Nightlife Attendees

Baldwin

Dhinsa

Andrade

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Experiences of unwanted sexual attention (UWSA) are commonplace within nightlife environments. While typically associated with aggression perpetration, literature has suggested that a history of childhood corporal punishment (CCP) may also be related to experiences of victimisation in nightlife environments. The current exploratory study aims to examine the associations between experiences of UWSA victimisation and a history of CCP, trait aggression, and conformity to masculine norms (Playboy and Winning), for males and females separately. Method: Street intercept interviews in the Brisbane inner-city entertainment precincts were used to measure demographic details and participants’ breath alcohol concentration. Online follow-up surveys were used to record participants’ experiences of UWSA on the night of interview, history of CCP, and self-reported rates of trait aggression and conformity to masculine norms. The final sample consisted of 288 females, as there were not sufficient male UWSA experiences for analysis. Results: Approximately 20% of female nightlife patrons experienced some form of UWSA victimisation. Logistic regression analyses identified that after controlling for age and intoxication, a history of CCP, trait aggression and masculine norm conformity were unrelated to experiences of UWSA for female respondents. Conclusions: The current study found that individual factors were unrelated to experiences of UWSA, indicating that simply being in the nightlife environment, especially as a female, increases the risk of UWSA victimisation. Understanding and exploring social and environmental risk factors, rather than individual factors, is needed to prevent victimisation in nightlife environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Unwanted Sexual Attention in Australian Nightlife Districts: An Exploratory Study of Nightlife Attendees

Baldwin

Dhinsa

Andrade

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This finding is in contrast with findings from a study conducted in Finland, where a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and victimisation from sexual harassment was observed. [60] This opposite result may reflect cultural differences and the fact that females in Pakistan, like in many other patriarchal societies, have accepted sexual harassment as a part of their daily lives. [10,11] However, a previous study conducted in Pakistan revealed that sexual harassment was associated with low self-esteem among working women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[59] Moreover, a recent study from Finland identified low self-esteem as a possible risk factor for sexual harassment of females in public places. [60]…”

Section: Post-traumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Harassment and Psychological Well-being of the Victims: The Role of Abuse-related Shame, Fear of Being Harassed, and Social Support

Anwar¹

2022

EJMI

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G ender-based aggression is a form of aggression with the inherent purpose of oppressing women, consciously or unconsciously, while at the same time displaying male dominance. [1] According to article 40 of the Istanbul Convention, sexual harassment has been declared as one such form of aggression against women. [2] Pakistan is one among 125 countries that has established laws to address this problem. There are two legal provisions that govern sexual harassment throughout Pakistan: section 509 of the Pakistan Criminal Penal Code and the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act of 2010. According to section 509 of the Pakistan Penal Code, [3] whoever intend to insult the modesty of a woman through verbal, physical, and nonverbal intrusion into the privacy of a woman in public places shall be punished with imprisonment of three years and given a fine of up to five Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between victimisation from sexual harassment and the development of PTSD and depressive symptoms among victims, and in addition, to examine potentially contributing mediating and moderating social factors involved in the process. Methods: A questionnaire was completed by 586 female university students in three cities in Pakistan. The mean age was 22.3 years (SD = 4.3). The questionnaire included scales for measuring the frequency of sexual harassment, the victim's sharing of the incident with a close one, social support, abuse-related shame, fear of being harassed, self-esteem, symptoms of PTSD, and depression. Results: Abuse-related shame and fear of being harassed were found to serve as mediators between exposure to sexual harassment and PTSD and depression respectively. Social support, but not simply sharing the experience with a close one, had a moderating effect. The indirect effect of abuse-related shame was weaker among females who received social support after being victimised. No association was found between victimisation from sexual harassment and the level of self-esteem of the victims. Conclusion:The results emphasise the importance of mediating social factors for the negative well-being of female victims of sexual harassment. Furthermore, social support seems to moderate the negative effect of sexual harassment. There is a grave need to change the prevailing mindset where conformity with social norms and integrity is prioritised over the well-being of the individuals.

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Operationalizing Street Harassment Using Survey Instruments: A Systematic Review of Measuring Harassment in Public Spaces Using Surveys

Keel,

Stewart,

Mellberg

2024

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Quantitative research has an omitted variable problem when it comes to measuring and modeling non-criminal threats in the urban environment. This systematic review identified questionnaires and surveys used to measure incidences of street harassment/harassment in public, to discuss how they operationalize street harassment/harassment in public, and to report the characteristics of those with the best evidence of reliability and validity. We searched five databases and included peer-reviewed articles published in English from 1994 to 2022 that measured street harassment using a survey instrument. Our search resulted in 54 included studies. Of these studies, 16 primarily focused on understanding street harassment. To design effective prevention strategies in response to street harassment, research must first effectively measure the prevalence of street harassment and the contexts in which street harassment occurs. Due to the inconsistencies in definition, our review identified prevalence rates were inconsistent. Incidents of street harassment provide a promising avenue for future research, although scholars must first seek to appropriately operationalize this concept in survey research. We provide suggestions for future research that seeks to use surveys to understand harassment in public places.

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Risk Factors for Sexual Harassment in Public Places

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Factors Associated with Unwanted Sexual Attention in Australian Nightlife Districts: An Exploratory Study of Nightlife Attendees

Factors Associated with Unwanted Sexual Attention in Australian Nightlife Districts: An Exploratory Study of Nightlife Attendees

Sexual Harassment and Psychological Well-being of the Victims: The Role of Abuse-related Shame, Fear of Being Harassed, and Social Support

Operationalizing Street Harassment Using Survey Instruments: A Systematic Review of Measuring Harassment in Public Spaces Using Surveys

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