Risk factors for oesophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans

Pacella, Rosana; Urban, Margaret; Sitas, Freddy; Carrara, Henri; Sur, Ranjan; Hale, Martin; Ruff, Paul; Patel, Moosa; Newton, Rob; Bull, Diana; Beral, Valerie

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600338

Cited by 85 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Certain findings from an ongoing case-control study, which began in 1995, of lifestyle and infectious risk factors for cancer among the black African community of wider Johannesburg, South Africa have been reported (Sitas et al, 1999(Sitas et al, , 2000(Sitas et al, , 2007Pacella-Norman et al, 2002;Wojcicki et al, 2003Wojcicki et al, , 2004Berrington et al, 2006). These include elevated risks associated with tobacco smoking and cancers of the oesophagus, lung, oral cavity and larynx (PacellaNorman et al, 2002) that were broadly consistent with international findings (Vineis et al, 2004).…”

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Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans

et al. 2008

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Demographic and lifestyle information from 9690 black patients diagnosed with cancer or cardiovascular disease was collected in an ongoing case -control study in Johannesburg, South Africa. Compared to never smokers, the odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer among current smokers was 16.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 9.6 -27.6) for men and 6.4 (95% CI, 4.0 -10.4) for women. The corresponding OR for other smoking-related cancers was 4.6 (95% CI, 3.7 -5.7) among men and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6 -2.2) among women, and for cardiovascular disease, 3.4 (95% CI, 2.1 -5.4) among men and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1 -2.1) among women. Risks were higher among smokers than former smokers, and all risk estimates increased with increasing levels of smoking duration and intensity. Non-electric domestic fuel was associated with approximately 60% increase in the risk of smoking-related cancer, but not cardiovascular disease. Risks for cancers of cervix, oesophagus, oral cavity/pharynx, stomach, larynx, pancreas and anogenital region, as well as squamous cell carcinoma of skin were all significantly higher among current than never-smokers, with ORs ranging from 1.5 for cervix (95% CI, 1.2 -1.8) to 14.7 for larynx (95% CI, 7.2 -30). The risks of tobacco-related disease reported here are similar to that currently observed in Western countries, even though cigarette consumption is relatively low in this population.

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Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans

et al. 2008

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“…17 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Cui et al 18 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Dikshit and Kanhere 19 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Elahi et al 20 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elwood et al 21 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Franceschi et al 22 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Franceschi et al 23 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Franco et al 24 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Greenberg et al 25 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Guneri et al 26 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Hashibe et al 27 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hayes et al 28 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Herrero et al 29 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kabat et al 30 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Ko et al 31 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Levi et al 32 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Llewellyn et al 33 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Llewellyn et al 34 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Lu et al 35 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Maden et al 36 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Marshall et al 37 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Mashberg et al 38 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Merchant et al 39 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Merletti et al 40 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Moreno-Lopez et al 41 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Muscat et al 42 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nandakumar et al 43 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Olshan et al 44 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pacella-Norman 45 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rao et al 46 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rogers et al 47 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Rosenquist 48 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Schwartz et al 49 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Smith et al 50 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 Toporcov et al 51 1 53 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Zheng et al 54 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Znaor et al 55 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 A: Expli...…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of case‐control studies

Conway

Petticrew

Marlborough³

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

334

221

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There is uncertainty and limited recognition of the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer. We aimed to quantitatively assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral cancer incidence risk. A systematic review of casecontrol studies obtained published and unpublished estimates of the SES risk related to oral cancer. Studies were included which reported odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs of oral cancer with respect to SES, or if the estimates could be calculated or obtained. Meta-analyses were performed on subgroups: SES measure, age, sex, global region, development level, time-period and lifestyle factor adjustments; while sensitivity analyses were conducted based on study methodological issues. Forty-one studies provided 15,344 cases and 33,852 controls which met our inclusion criteria. Compared with individuals who were in high SES strata, the pooled ORs for the risk of developing oral cancer were 1.85 (95%CI 1.60, 2.15; n 5 37 studies) for those with low educational attainment; 1.84 (1.47, 2.31; n 5 14) for those with low occupational social class; and 2.41 (1.59, 3.65; n 5 5) for those with low income. Subgroup analyses showed that low SES was significantly associated with increased oral cancer risk in high and lower income-countries, across the world, and remained when adjusting for potential behavioural confounders. Inequalities persist but are perhaps reducing over recent decades. Oral cancer risk associated with low SES is significant and comparable to lifestyle risk factors. Our results provide evidence to steer health policy which focus on lifestyles factors toward an integrated approach incorporating measures designed to tackle the root causes of disadvantage. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: meta-analysis; oral cancer; SES; socioeconomic status; systematic review In 2000, oral cancer (ICD-10 C00-06) was estimated to be the 8th most common cancer worldwide-with an estimated 267,000 new cases and 128,000 deaths, and with the greatest burden in developing countries. 1 Despite a wealth of literature on the effects of poverty and inequality on health, 2 the effect of socioeconomic circumstances on oral cancer is given little recognition in a predominant medical model approach to research and prevention on the risks of the disease. 3 Recent published work on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral cancer has mainly been in the form of descriptive epidemiology studies linking routine registry data to census data. From such studies, increased risk of oral cancer appears associated with high levels of area-based socioeconomic deprivation, 4,5 although this was not reflected in a review of incidence studies from across the world which utilised mainly individual measures of SES. 6 Area-based measures are liable to the 'ecological fallacyÕ whereby individuals are allocated SES based on their area of residence. The few analytical studies to focus on SES have also been equivocal, and socioeconomic correlates have recently been found to be c...

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“…Aetiological and risk factors for oral cancer in Africa constitute a long list of abuse of alcohol and/or tobacco in various smoking and smokeless (chewing/snuff) forms [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] but also mixed with other leaf and bark products including Toombak, Khat/Miraa, Areca nut and Kola nut. Toombak is a product of fermented and cured tobacco containing sodium bicarbonate placed in the labial sulcus and predominantly consumed in Sudan and southern Saudi Arabia.…”

Section: Aetiology and Risk Factors Of Oral Cancer In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

Hille

Johnson

2017

Translational Research in Oral Oncology

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Objectives: To describe incidence and mortality rates of oral and of oropharyngeal cancers in sub-Saharan Africa using available sources and to discuss shortcomings. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were obtained from GLOBOCAN online (IARC 2012) and the pathology-based South African National Cancer Registry (SA-NCR). Descriptions of oral and of oropharynx cancers for the four main geographical regions were derived from the literature. For South Africa, the incidence by ethnic group of lip and intra-oral cancer over the period 1988-2012 could be calculated from SA-NCR. The age distributions for intraoral and for oropharynx cancer in both genders in South Africa were compared for the period 1996-2002. Results: Age standardized incidence rates and mortality rates of lip and of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa varied substantially, depending on the regions, the mix of carcinogenic substances consumed in each country and the quality of the cancer registry data. African islands in the Indian Ocean and the Southern and Eastern African countries report the highest rates; these are generally reported to be much lower in West African countries. Available data are now old: not beyond 2010. Up until that time, in the Republic of South Africa, there appears to have been a slight decline in oral cancer rates, except in Black females, but a rise this millennium in cancer of the oropharynx, especially in Coloureds (mixed-race). At least until 2002, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) pandemic had little or no stimulating influence on the incidence rates of oral squamous carcinoma in South Africa, although Kaposi's sarcoma has been a major burden in the past. Asian and mixed-race South African females had the highest levels of oral squamous cell carcinomas in the <45 year age group. Conclusion:The quality of cancer registry data in sub-Saharan Africa is variable, unreliable and out of date, suggesting gross under-ascertainment. Records of all causes of death are poor, which can result in both under-and over-attribution of cancer mortality. Improvements of the necessary resources for cancer registration and death certification deserve a high priority.

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Risk factors for oesophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans

Cited by 85 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans

Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans

Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of case‐control studies

The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

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