Risk Factors for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization of Healthy Children

Abstract

Background: Nasal colonization of healthy children with Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for different infections. Detection of colonized individuals with methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and its eradication is the proper prevention strategy for infection spread in the community and health-care centers. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance pattern among healthy children who were nasal carriers of S. aureus. Patients and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 one month to 14-year-old healthy children living in Kashan/Iran. The nasal specimens were cultured in blood agar medium for S. aureus. Positive cultures were evaluated for cephalothin, co-trimoxazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin and vancomycin susceptibility by the disc diffusion method and E-test. Risk factors for nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA were evaluated. Results: Frequency of S. aureus nasal carriage was 92 from 350 cases (26.2%), amongst which 33 (35.9%) were MRSA. Isolates indicated an overall resistance of 52.2% to cephalothin, 33.7% to co-trimoxazol, 26.1% to ciprofloxacin, 26.1% to clindamycin, 35.9% to oxacillin and 4.3% to vancomycin. Factors associated with MRSA nasal carriage included gender (P value 0.001), age of less than four years (P value 0.016), number of individuals in the family (P value < 0.001), antibiotic use (P value < 0.001) and admission (P value < 0.001) during the previous three months, parental smoking (P value < 0.001) and sleeping with parents (P value 0.022). Conclusions: Age of less than four years, male sex, family size being more than four, antibiotic use and admission during the previous three months, parental smoking and sleeping with parents were independent risk factors for nasal colonization with MRSA.

Nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among prisoners in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia

“…The nasal carriage rate of S.aureus observed in this study was smaller than the ndings of the study conducted in USA maximum-security prisons (54.4%) and Jimma prison center, Ethiopia (50%) [24,11]. However, the carriage rate of S. aureus in the present study was higher than studies done in Brazil (16.5%) (30). The differences might re ect the variations in isolation techniques, the sample size, time of study period, population characteristics, geographical distribution, prevention and control policies, and duration of stay in correctional facilities.…”

“…MRSA nasal carriage rate was the highest among prisoners with a history of treatment compared to prisoners without a history of treatment [29 (43.3%) VS 6 (12.5%); p = 0.003]. It is consistent with the reports of the study conducted in some community-based studies on healthy children living in Kashan/Iran, Netherlands, and Jimma, Ethiopia [11,30,31]. This can be explained by the fact that the prior and continuous use of antibiotics can create good competitive advantage for the development of resistant bacteria and increment of carriage of persistent HA-MRSA.…”

Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Associated Risk Factors of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Prisoners in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia

“…MRSA nasal carriage rate was the highest among prisoners with a history of treatment compared to prisoners without a history of treatment [29 (43.3%) VS 6 (12.5%); p = 0.003]. It is consistent with the reports of the study conducted in some community-based studies on healthy children living in Kashan/Iran, Netherlands, and Jimma, Ethiopia [11,30,31]. This can be explained by the fact that the prior and Antimicrobial resistance has been recognized as an emerging worldwide problem both in developed and developing countries.…”

Prevalence, Influencing Factors, Antibiotic Resistance, Toxin and Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Nasal Carriage among Diabetic Population in the United States, 2001–2004

“…Female was a risk factor, which might be resulted from their weaker immune system. Female diabetic population was 3.410 times more likely than male diabetic population to carry MRSA, which was consistent to a Chinese study (Yan et al, 2015) and a Tanzanian study (Soltani et al, 2014). Therefore, female diabetic population should be paid more attention to perform surveillance of S. aureus and MRSA so as to avoid carriage and/or infection.…”