Risk factors for influenza infection in vaccinated racehorses: Lessons from an outbreak in Newmarket, UK in 2003

Barquero, N.; Daly, Janet M.; Newton, J. R.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.038

Cited by 50 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, the Japanese vaccines used in 2007 contained similar EIV strains to vaccines commercialised in the UK in 2003. Analysis of the EIV outbreak in Newmarket in 2003 demonstrated that protection induced by those vaccines was sub-optimal [1]. These data raised concerns about the efficacy of vaccines available in Europe against these more recent strains in the absence of any updated vaccines on the market [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of the EIV outbreak in Newmarket in 2003 demonstrated that protection induced by those vaccines was sub-optimal [1]. These data raised concerns about the efficacy of vaccines available in Europe against these more recent strains in the absence of any updated vaccines on the market [1]. This study was supported by the Horserace Betting Levy Board and designed to test the efficacy of two EIV vaccines commercially available in the UK at the time of the Japanese and Australian outbreaks, against infection with A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07 strain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strains are phylogenetically similar to the strains used in the vaccines available in the EU at the time. This raised the concern that vaccines available at the time may have also been vulnerable to breakdown when challenged with this or a related virus, as seen in 2003 with the emergence of A/eq/Newmarket/5/03 that infected both vaccinated and non-vaccinated equids in Europe [1, 25]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak

et al. 2009

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During 2007, large outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) caused by Florida sublineage Clade 1 viruses affected horse populations in Japan and Australia. The likely protection that would be provided by two modern vaccines commercially available in the European Union (an ISCOM-based and a canarypox-based vaccine) at the time of the outbreaks was determined. Vaccinated ponies were challenged with a representative outbreak isolate (A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07) and levels of protection were compared. A group of ponies infected 18 months previously with a phylogenetically-related isolate from 2003 (A/eq/South Africa/4/03) was also challenged with the 2007 outbreak virus. After experimental infection with A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07, unvaccinated control ponies all showed clinical signs of infection together with virus shedding. Protection achieved by both vaccination or long-term immunity induced by previous exposure to equine influenza virus (EIV) was characterised by minor signs of disease and reduced virus shedding when compared with unvaccinated control ponies. The three different methods of virus titration in embryonated hens’ eggs, EIV NP-ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR were used to monitor EIV shedding and results were compared. Though the majority of previously infected ponies had low antibody levels at the time of challenge, they demonstrated good clinical protection and limited virus shedding. In summary, we demonstrate that vaccination with current EIV vaccines would partially protect against infection with A/eq/Sydney/2888-8/07-like strains and would help to limit the spread of disease in our vaccinated horse population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak

et al. 2009

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“…There is considerable variation in individual response to vaccination and, particularly when less than four doses have been given, a rapid exponential decline in antibody levels after vaccination (Newton et al 2000a). Other factors such as vaccine type can also have an impact (Barquero et al 2007). The choice of product and schedule varies between trainers, and so, at the start of any epidemic, not all yards are protected equally.…”

Section: Protection Afforded By Antibodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The yard-level susceptibility levels were derived by scaling up the risk predicted by the horse-level statistical model from Barquero et al (2007) using the relationship between final size, local transmission and susceptibility levels from the threshold theorem (Andersson & Britton (2000), see equation (2.1) for details). The last two parts of this section describe the methods used to numerically estimate the local and global transmissions parameters from data.…”

Section: Fitting the Model With Available Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of equine influenza: scenario testing using a realistic metapopulation model of spread

Baguelin

Newton

Demiris

et al. 2009

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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We present a metapopulation model of the spread of equine influenza among thoroughbred horses parametrized with data from a 2003 outbreak in Newmarket, UK. The number of horses initially susceptible is derived from a threshold theorem and a published statistical model. Two simulated likelihood-based methods are used to find the within-and betweenyard transmissions using both exponential and empirical latent and infectious periods. We demonstrate that the 2003 outbreak was largely locally driven and use the parametrized model to address important questions of control. The chance of a large epidemic is shown to be largely dependent on the size of the index yard. The impact of poor responders to vaccination is estimated under different scenarios. A small proportion of poor responders strongly influences the efficiency of vaccine policies, which increases risk further when the vaccine and infecting strains differ following antigenic drift. Finally, the use of vaccinating in the face of an outbreak is evaluated at a global and individual management group level. The benefits for an individual horse trainer are found to be substantial, although this is influenced by the behaviour of other trainers.

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The clinical features, pathobiology, and epidemiology of influenza infections in horses

Landolt

Chambers

2016

Animal Influenza

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Risk factors for influenza infection in vaccinated racehorses: Lessons from an outbreak in Newmarket, UK in 2003

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak

Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak

Control of equine influenza: scenario testing using a realistic metapopulation model of spread

The clinical features, pathobiology, and epidemiology of influenza infections in horses

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