Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in teaching hospitals of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: A matched-case control study

Abstract

BackgroundHospital-acquired infection affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It is a major global issue for patient safety. Understanding the potential risk factors is important to appreciate the local context. A matched case control study design, which is the first of its kind in the study region, was undertaken to identify risk factors in teaching hospitals of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia.MethodA matched case control study design matched with age and hospital type was used. The study was conducted in University of Gondar and Felege-Hiwot medical teaching hospital. Cases were patients who fulfilled the criteria based on CDC definition of hospital-acquired infection and controls were patients admitted to the hospital that stayed for more than 48 hours in the ward in the study period, but who did not develop infection. For one case, four controls were selected. Of 545 patients, 109 were cases and 436 were controls. Conditional logistic regression using STATA 13 was used for data analysis.ResultThe median length of stay for cases and controls was 7 and 8 days, respectively. Patients admitted in wards with the presence of medical waste container in the room had 82% less chance of developing hospital-acquired infection (AOR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03–0.98). The odds of developing hospital-acquired infection among immune deficient patients were 2.34 times higher than their counterparts (95% CI; 1.17–4.69). Patients received antimicrobials, central vascular catheter and surgery since admission had 8.63, 6.91 and 2.35 higher odds of developing hospital-acquired infection, respectively.ConclusionHealth providers and mangers should consider the provision and availability of healthcare materials and facilities in all of the ward rooms, follow appropriate safe medical procedures for use of external devices on patients, and give attention to the immunocompromised patients for the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections.

Are Invasive Procedures and a Longer Hospital Stay Increasing the Risk of Healthcare-Associated Infections among the Admitted Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia?

“…A study conducted in Poland showed a positive correlation between exposure to invasive procedures and HCAIs [38]. e finding was also supported by other studies conducted elsewhere [38,39].…”

“…In the healthcare system, life-saving invasive procedures using equipment are found to increasingly threaten patients [25,38]. is is related to the comorbidity between patients carrying the device and the greater possibility of entry of pathogenic organisms in these patients, thereby causing the infection [39]. In this study, the odds of infection were greater by 3.6 times among patients undergoing invasive procedures than their counterparts.…”

Healthcare-associated infection and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Six studies were found in Addis Ababa [ 19 – 21 , 23 , 25 , 31 ], five studies in Amhara region [ 8 , 16 , 26 , 27 , 29 ], five studies in Oromia [ 9 , 17 , 18 , 28 , 30 ], one study both in Addis Ababa and Southern Nation Nationalities and People Region (SNNPR) [ 22 ], one each in Tigray [ 24 ] and SNNPR [ 10 ]. Nine studies were conducted across all age groups.…”

Practices of Healthcare Workers regarding Infection Prevention in Bale Zone Hospitals, Southeast Ethiopia

“…It is unevenly distributed in developing countries where more than 90% of these infections occurred [7][8][9]. e high burden of HCAIs is due to the lack of standardized infection prevention programs, which was neglected due to limited resources, poor sanitary conditions, and hygiene practices [10][11][12].…”