Risk factors for gallbladder cancer : A population based case-control study in Delhi

Abstract

Background: Gallbladder (GB) cancer ranks among the first five common cancers in females in Delhi, India. The incidence rate of GB carcinoma is higher in North India compared to South India.Methods: A population based case-control study on 333 GB incident cases was carried out in Delhi to identify the risk factors. Cases were matched with two controls based on age (± 5 years), sex and marital status (in case of females)Results: Smoking and alcohol consumption increase the risk of GB cancer. The risk among those who smoke cigarette (OR=3.05, CI=1.33-6.98) was higher than that seen among bidi smokers (OR=2.25, CI=1.38-3.69). History of typhoid in the past and cholelithiasis increased the risk of GB cancer. Post menopausal women had a significant risk of GB cancer than the menstruating women. Consumption of urad dhal, moong dhal, milk, cottage cheese and butter also increased the risk of GB cancer. Conclusion:Smoking, alcohol consumption, typhoid in the past, cholelithiasis and certain dietary items are the some of the most important risk factors for gallbladder cancer.

Impact of Routine Histopathological Examination of Gall Bladder Specimens on Early Detection of Malignancy - A Study of 4,115 Cholecystectomy Specimens

“…Here, cancer of gallbladder shows varying geographic distribution. In Delhi, it ranks among the first five common cancers in females (Tyagi et al, 2008).…”

Epidemiological Factors in Gall Bladder Cancer in Eastern India-A Single Centre Study

“…Lower socio-economic status is indirectly a result of illiteracy and poor education standards. This leads to unemployment and decreased livelihood capacity influencing preventive aspects of Gall bladder cancer [7].…”

“…Some studies suggested an increased risk, while others suggested that long-term alcohol use might play a role by reducing the cholesterol saturation of bile. Recent data however point more in favour of the conclusion that Alcohol intake, smoking (cigarettes per day) and number of tobacco chewing per day are all independent risk factors for gall bladder carcinoma [7,12].…”

Evaluation on Incidental Gallbladder Carcinoma in Eastern India: A Hospital Based Study

“…Gallbladder cancer ranks among the first five common cancers in females in Delhi, India. 11 In the endemic zone of West Bihar and Eastern Utter Pradesh, it is the third most common malignancy of the alimentary tract. 12 It was found that increasing numbers of patients were being referred to our hospital in recent past, thus increasing the number of cases per year.…”