Risk Factors for Developing Mild Nutritional Blindness in Urban Bangladesh

Stanton, Bonita; Clemens, John D.; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Khair, Tajkera

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140200094036

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with earlier reports that observed a protective effect of breast feeding against severe VAD, even after the first year of life. 54,55 Dewan et al 56 in a RCT of children admitted with acute diarrhea of less than 3 days also found that vitamin A supplementation reduced the duration and severity of that episode, but only among children with clinical or subclinical VAD based on conjunctival impression cytology >3/5. Walser et al 57 also reported reductions of about 3 days in the duration of a diarrheal episode among children who were "historically at risk of persistent diarrhea," in a study in Brazil using a prepost design (3 months before and after administration of vitamin A).…”

Section: Artículo De Revisiónmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of vitamin A in reducing child mortality and morbidity and improving growth

Ramakrishnan¹,

Martorell²

1998

Salud pública Méx

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ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN The role of vitamin A in reducing child mortalityRamakrishnan U, Martorell R.The role of vitamin A in reducing child mortality and morbidity and improving growth. Salud Publica Mex 1998;40:189-198. AbstractThis is an update of knowledge on the role of the vitamin A status in determining child mortality, morbidity and growth. Recent information confirms the earlier conclusion of Beaton et al. that a 23% reduction in young child mortality results following improvements in the vitamin A status. Studies show that the mortality effect is primarily due to reductions in deaths due to acute gastroenteritis and measles but not acute respiratory infections (ARI) and malaria. While improvement of the vitamin A status enhances the survival of older preschool children, it remains unclear whether it benefits infants (i.e. <6 months). Vitamin A supplementation does not reduce the overall incidence and prevalence of common childhood illness; however, it reduces the incidence of more severe episodes of diarrhea. Also, vitamin A supplementation either during and/or immediately after the illness does not improve its symptomatology. Finally, contrary to earlier expectations, recently completed, placebocontrolled randomized interventions have failed to detect improvements in child growth. ResumenLa presente es una revisión del conocimiento actual sobre el papel de la vitamina A en la mortalidad, morbilidad y crecimiento infantiles. Recientemente, algunas investigaciones han confirmado la conclusión de Beaton y colaboradores (1993) que indica que se puede reducir la mortalidad infantil en un 23% mejorando el estado de la vitamina A. Se ha demostrado que este efecto se debe a la reducción de la mortalidad por gastroenteritis aguda y sarampión y no por infecciones respiratorias agudas y paludismo. Queda claro que el mejoramiento del estado de la vitamina A favorece la sobrevivencia de los niños prescolares mayores; sin embargo, no se ha definido si también beneficia a los infantes (<6 meses). El suplemento de vitamina A no reduce la incidencia total ni la prevalencia de enfermedades comunes de la niñez; sin embargo, sí reduce la incidencia de episodios graves de diarrea. Asimismo, tal suplementación, ya sea durante o inmediatamente después de la enfermedad, no mejora la sintomatología. Finalmente, en contra de lo esperado, estudios recientes con asignación aleatoria a grupos que reciben vitamina A o un placebo indican que la vitamina A no mejora el crecimiento de los niños.

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Section: Artículo De Revisiónmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of vitamin A in reducing child mortality and morbidity and improving growth

Ramakrishnan¹,

Martorell²

1998

Salud pública Méx

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“…Some populationbased studies fail to detect this association (Brilliant et al 1985;Stanton et al 1986;Gujral et al 1993). However, prospective community-based studies con®rm that there is an increased risk of respiratory disease in children with vitamin A de®ciency (Sommer et al 1984;Milton et al 1987;Vijayaraghavan et al 1990;Dibley et al 1996).…”

Section: Vitamin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Undernutrition, infection and immune function

2000

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Undernutrition and infection are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. These two problems are interrelated. Undernutrition compromises barrier function, allowing easier access by pathogens, and compromises immune function, decreasing the ability of the host to eliminate pathogens once they enter the body. Thus, malnutrition predisposes to infections. Infections can alter nutritional status mediated by changes in dietary intake, absorption and nutrient requirements and losses of endogenous nutrients.

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“…In many populations, breast-feeding through the third year of life is associated with age-adjusted odds ratios of 0.1 to 0.5, representing 50% to 90% reductions in the probability of having xerophthalmia compared to children who have ceased breast-feeding [195,219,221,[255][256][257][258]. In Malawi, accelerated weaning, involving both premature introduction of complementary foods (at 3 versus 4 months of age) and early cessation of breast-feeding was associated with increased risk of preschool xerophthalmia [220].…”

Section: Breast-feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the influence of breast feeding weakens, stippled line dark green leafy vegetables appear strongly protective from the third year onward. Finally, after infancy, routine consumption of animal foods with preformed vitamin A (egg, dairy products, fish, and liver) appears to be highly protective [2,195,223,255,257,258,[260][261][262][263].…”

Section: Complementary Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A first-line, dietary intervention to protect infants and young children from vitamin A deficiency is extended breast-feeding, which consistently exhibits a protective association against xerophthalmia even through the fourth year of life [2,219,220,221,[255][256][257], although effectiveness data are lacking to show a change in vitamin A status from breast-feeding promotion. This was also the rationale for the IVACG recommendation to give postpartum women 400,000 IU of vitamin within 6 weeks of delivery [299], although WHO continues to recommend 200,000 IU.…”

Section: Dietary Diversifi Cationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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