Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Patients with Hypertension

Abstract

Background. Hypertension, as the most common comorbidity for patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has resulted in cases with more severe symptoms and higher mortality. The risk factors associated with COVID-19 in patients with hypertension are unknown. Methods. All the available and confirmed patients with COVID-19 from February 3 to March 10, 2020, were enrolled from Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China. The demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory data, radiological assessments, and treatments on admission were extracted and compared. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to explore risk factors associated with COVID-19 in patients with hypertension and the severity of the cohort. Results. A total of 430 available patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in the study, including 151 eligible patients with COVID-19 and hypertension. After PSM analysis, 141 patients without hypertension and 141 cases with hypertension were well matched. Compared with cases without hypertension, patients with hypertension were more severe (28.4% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.001 ). In multivariate analysis, we found that neutrophil count (OR: 1.471; p = 0.001 ), coronary heart disease (OR: 5.281; p = 0.011 ), and the level of K+ (OR: 0.273; p < 0.001 ) were associated with patients with hypertension. In addition, the percentage of pulmonary infection volume was larger in cases with hypertension (4.55 vs. 5.8, p = 0.017 ) and was a high risk factor for severe COVID-19 in patients with hypertension (OR: 1.084; p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. On admission, coronary heart disease, neutrophil count, and the level of K+ were associated with COVID-19 patients with hypertension. The percentage of the pulmonary infection volume was significantly larger in COVID-19 patients with hypertension and was a risk factor for COVID-19 severity of the cohort.

Correlates of In-Hospital COVID-19 Deaths: A Competing Risks Survival Time Analysis of Retrospective Mortality Data

“…47 Although our study does not include laboratory parameters for their evaluation as prognostic markers there are previous data for the same. 29,36,37,40,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] Increase in indicators such as neutrophils, neutrophil-leukocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, troponin, d-dimer, C-reactive protein, creatinine, urea, interleukins, and markers of cardiac injury have been associated with a poorer prognosis.…”

Safety of ACEi and ARB in COVID‐19 management: A retrospective analysis

“…Since the onset of COVID‐19, HTN has been found to be a major risk factor in patients. 3 The incidence of HTN and COVID‐19 were reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control to be 12.8% worldwide, while other studies have reported as high as 30% and 31%. 4 , 5 Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are the most widely prescribed antihypertensives in the market.…”

“…According to Yang et al, 2 the patients with COVID‐19 with comorbidity of hypertension (HTN) had a higher death rate (10.3%) and were more critically ill (18.3%) as compared with individuals without HTN. Since the onset of COVID‐19, HTN has been found to be a major risk factor in patients 3 . The incidence of HTN and COVID‐19 were reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control to be 12.8% worldwide, while other studies have reported as high as 30% and 31% 4,5 .…”

The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In addition, hypertensive patients had been observed to have a higher proportion of pulmonary infection and an increased risk for severe adverse COVID-19 outcomes [7].…”

“…Obesity is also another risk factor for worsening the COVID-19 disease across various ethnicities [ 6 ]. In addition, hypertensive patients had been observed to have a higher proportion of pulmonary infection and an increased risk for severe adverse COVID-19 outcomes [ 7 ].…”