Risk Factors for Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults: A Review

Almirall, Jordi; Serra‐Prat, Mateu; Bolíbar, Ignasi

doi:10.1097/cpm.0000000000000120

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…15 Chronic lung disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressive conditions, malnutrition were also reported as comorbidities influencing the presence of pneumonia in some studies. 13,15,16 Smoking an alcoholism was found to be an associated comorbidity in our study and this was corroborated by a study by Ramirez et al, where also they report smoking and overuse of alcohol to be a comorbidity. Torres et al and Almirall et al, in their respective studies also reported that smoking and over use of alcohol is associated with increased incidence of CAP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Risk factors of community acquired pneumonia among the elderly population: A study in a semi urban area

Reddy¹,

Nagkumar²,

Bindu³

et al. 2021

IJIRM

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Pneumonia is defined as an infection and inflammation of the alveoli and the bronchioles. It is caused by microorganisms when the hosts’ defences are overcome by their virulence. Community Acquired Pneumonia affects people of all age groups, though the elderly is especially susceptible. This retrospective study was conducted on 56 patients above the age of 65 years who were admitted to our hospital for pneumonia. Demographic data of the patients such as age, sex, weight, temperature blood pressure etc. was taken. History of underlying disease, comorbidities, cardiopulmonary function was noted. Data on the laboratory investigations such as Complete Blood Picture, haemoglobin estimation, Blood glucose levels, Kidney function tests, liver function rests, electrolyte levels, CRP, D Dimer were noted. Details of chest X rays or Ultra sound, ABG analysis were also noted. Details of sputum culture and sensitivity and blood culture and sensitivity for the patients was also noted. the most common comorbidity was hypertension, followed by cerebrovascular diseases cardiopathy, COPD and diabetes. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 69.6%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 48.2%, Candida albicans in 51.8% and Acinetobacter baumanni in 44.6% cases in sputum culture and in blood culture Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 16.1%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8.9% cases. Community acquired pneumonia contributes significantly to the health burden of the world especially causing severe morbidity and mortality among the elderly patients. For a better prognosis, it is important to diagnose and identify the risk factors so that the severity of the infection can be prevented.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Risk factors of community acquired pneumonia among the elderly population: A study in a semi urban area

Reddy¹,

Nagkumar²,

Bindu³

et al. 2021

IJIRM

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“…Chronic conditions associated with pneumonia risk are well documented in advanced age categories [ 8 , 26 , 36 ]. We confirmed that asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and selected autoimmune conditions were also associated with pneumonia incidence in our young and working-age cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

52-year follow-up of a birth cohort reveals a high pneumonia incidence among young men

et al. 2022

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BackgroundKnowledge of pneumonia incidence and risk factors in adults is mainly based on clinical studies of selected patient data and registers with aging populations. Prospective population-based investigations, such as birth cohort studies, are needed to understand pneumonia incidence and risk factors among the young and working age populations.MethodsNorthern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) 1966 data (n=6750) was analysed for pneumonia incidence and risk factors. Incidence analysis was replicated using data from an independent NFBC 1986 cohort (n=9207). Pneumonia in relation with chronic conditions and lifestyle factors were analysed.ResultsA peak with a maximum of 227 pneumonia episodes per 10 000 among men between the ages of 19 and 21 years was found in two independent cohorts. Pneumonia was associated with male sex (RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45–2.04, p<0.001), low educational level (RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.72–3.09, p<0.001), smoking (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.31–1.84, p<0.001), asthma (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.73–2.75, p<0.001), cardiovascular diseases (RR 2.50, 95% CI 2.04–3.07, p=0.001), kidney diseases (RR 4.14, 95% CI 2.81–6.10, p<0.001), rheumatoid arthritis (RR 2.69, 95% CI 1.80–4.01, p<0.001), psoriasis (RR 2.91, 95% CI 1.92–4.41, p<0.001) and type II diabetes (RR 1.80, 95% CI 1.34–2.42, p<0.001). Men with excessive alcohol consumption at age 31 were at risk for future pneumonia (RR 2.40, 95% CI 1.58–3.64, p<0.001).ConclusionsBirth cohort data can reveal novel high-risk subpopulations, such as young males. Our study provides understanding of pneumonia incidence and risk factors among the young and working age populations.

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“…Studies have shown an increasing trend both in mortality [20] and in morbidity due to PNM in the elderly in Brazil, even after the implementation of intervention strategies [22]. With advancing age, in addition to increasing exposure to environmental factors, the body's defense mechanisms reduce the ability to fight pathogenic microorganisms, increasing susceptibility to communicable diseases (immunosensitivity or immune aging), which is aggravated by the multicomorbidities present in this age group [6,7,[23][24][25]. Such an assertion may be associated with the increase in mortality rates in elderly people aged 80 years or older observed in this research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction Models of Pneumonia Mortality Rates in the Elderly in Brazil from 2005 to 2016

Miranda¹,

Policena

Minamisava

et al. 2020

BJSTR

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Objective: To estimate the burden of pneumonia (PNM) mortality in the elderly in Brazil using different methodologies for rate correction. Method:A time-series study of mortality rates from PNM in the elderly from 2005-2016. For the correction of the rates, two strategies were used: 1-correction by active search (CBA) and 2-correction by active search more redistribution (CBAR). In addition, a methodology for comparing corrected rates, calculated lower respiratory tract infection rates (ITRi) using estimates from the Global Burden Disease study. Trend was assessed using regression models.Result: From 2005 to 2016, 546,068 deaths were registered, which, after using the CBAR correction strategy, left 501,380, a reduction of 8.2%. There was an increasing trend of PNM mortality rates for all regions of Brazil and for the elderly population. The largest linear increase in mortality rate due to CBAR pneumonia was observed in the Northeast. Conclusion:These estimates of the magnitude and trend presented make it possible to analyze the behavior of mortality rates due to pneumonia in the elderly in Brazil and to subsidize the National Immunization Program on the need to include a specific pneumococcal vaccine for the entire elderly population.

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Risk Factors for Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults: A Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Risk factors of community acquired pneumonia among the elderly population: A study in a semi urban area

Risk factors of community acquired pneumonia among the elderly population: A study in a semi urban area

52-year follow-up of a birth cohort reveals a high pneumonia incidence among young men

Correction Models of Pneumonia Mortality Rates in the Elderly in Brazil from 2005 to 2016

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