Risk factors associated with fecal Salmonella shedding among hospitalized horses with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease

Ernst, Nicolas S.; Hernández, Jorge A.; MacKay, Robert J.; Brown, M. P.; Gaskin, Jack M.; Nguyen, An D.; Giguère, Steeve; Colahan, Patrick T.; Troedsson, Mats R.; Haines, Gregory R.; Addison, Iva R.; Miller, Benjamin J.

doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.275

Cited by 68 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Respiratory forms are comparably frequent, and systemic forms of infection are commonly associated with arthritis, osteomyelitis, or soft-tissue abscesses [123,124]. Foals, pregnant mares, and immune compromised horses are at a heightened risk of infection and, among foals, Salmonella -associated meningoencephalitis has been described [125,126]. Abortions due to Salmonella cause important economic losses on stud farms [127-129].…”

Section: Mammals As Source Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have focused on horses in equine hospitals, with apparent prevalence estimates ranging from 1.8 to 18%; Anderson and Lee, however, report isolating Salmonella from 26.6% of slaughter horses [125,130-135]. The prevalence among healthy horses on farms or in riding schools appears to be considerably lower, in the range of 1 to 2% [117,131,135,136].…”

Section: Mammals As Source Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Hoelzer

Switt

Wiedmann

2011

Vet Res

412

383

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents an important human and animal pathogen world-wide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Clinically affected animals may exhibit a higher prevalence of shedding than apparently healthy animals, but both can shed Salmonella over long periods of time. In addition, environmental contamination and indirect transmission through contaminated food and water may complicate control efforts. The public health risk varies by animal species, age group, husbandry practice and health status, and certain human subpopulations are at a heightened risk of infection due to biological or behavioral risk factors. Some serotypes such as Salmonella Dublin are adapted to individual host species, while others, for instance Salmonella Typhimurium, readily infect a broad range of host species, but the potential implications for human health are currently unclear. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientifically based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved, and high-risk behaviors are common. Here we describe the epidemiology and serotype distribution of Salmonella in a variety of host species. In addition, we review our current understanding of the public health risks associated with different types of contacts between humans and animals in public, professional or private settings, and, where appropriate, discuss potential risk mitigation strategies.

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Section: Mammals As Source Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mammals As Source Of Human Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Hoelzer

Switt

Wiedmann

2011

Vet Res

412

383

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“…When looking at the differences in month sampled, sea lions had a prevalence of infection of 40% (n = 30) in February on San Miguel Island compared to 6.7% (n = 30) in April on San Miguel and 16.7% (n = 30) in April on San Nicolas. Both in humans (Cohen 1991) and animals (Ernst et al 2004, Berge et al 2006), a negative association between Salmonella infection and shedding and increasing host age exists. This may be one explanation for what is observed in these California sea lions, which is further supported by the fact that none of the adult sea lions sampled in Seattle were shedding Salmonella in their feces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California

Stoddard¹,

DeLong²,

Byrne

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from free-ranging marine mammals throughout the world, with animals in the Channel Islands of California (USA) showing the highest prevalence. The goal of this study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity and genetic similarity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Salmonella in several non-domestic animal species on San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands. Fecal samples were collected from 90 California sea lion Zalophus californianus pups, 30 northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris pups and 87 western gulls Larus occidentalis in the Channel Islands and 59 adult male sea lions in Puget Sound, WA (USA). Salmonella were isolated, identified and serotyped, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PFGE. Of the California sea lion pups that were sampled on the islands, 21% (n = 19) were positive for Salmonella, whereas no adults males in Puget Sound were positive. Of the northern elephant seal pups sampled, 87% (n = 26) were harboring Salmonella. Only 9% (n = 8) of western gulls were shedding Salmonella, with one of these gulls harboring the only antimicrobial resistant isolate. The serotypes found in these animals were Enteritidis, Montevideo, Newport, Reading, and Saint Paul. The only serotype that showed variation on PFGE was Newport. The pinnipeds of the Channel Islands harbor Salmonella at a higher prevalence than pinnipeds from other geographic areas observed in previous studies. Researchers and veterinarians should exercise increased caution when working with these animals due to the zoonotic potential of Salmonella.

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“…Subclinical and clinical infections with Salmonella are reasonably common in large animal patients Morley et al, 2004;& Smith et al, 2004) and major outbreaks of nosocomial Salmonella infections have been documented at large animal veterinary teaching hospitals and other veterinary facilities over the past several decades (Anon., 2001;Castor et al, 1989;Dargatz & TraubDargatz, 2004;Hartmann et al, 1996;Parè et al, 1996;Schott et al, 2001;& Tillotson et al, 1997). Among equine patients, horses presenting with gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea and colic, may be at highest risk of shedding Salmonella (Ernst et al, 2004;House et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2001;Morley et al, 2004;& Palmer et al, 1985). As a tertiary care referral center, the Widener hospital admits a large number of critically ill and emergency cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chlorine Dioxide Gas Decontamination of Large Animal Hospital Intensive and Neonatal Care Units

Luftman

Regits

Lorcheim³

et al. 2006

Appl Biosaf.

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In May of 2004, the large animal intensive care and neonatal intensive care units (ICU/NICU) of the University ofPennsylvania's New Bolton Center were temporarily closed to all admissions following an outbreak of salmonellosis that had affected its patients. Environmental testing continued to recover a multi-drug resistant organism identified as Salmonella enterica serovar Newport following repeated liquid disinfection treatments of the facility. Based upon various environmental considerations, it was decided that the most feasible and effective process for disinfecting the facility would be achieved using chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) gas. The facility was appropriately sealed, supplied with gas distribution mechanisms and demonstrated to have met the specification for humidity before introduction of ClO 2 . The total exposure for this 4800 cubic meters structure was approximately 400 ppm-hr. Efficacy of the decontamination was monitored by the placement of 20 Bacillus atrophaeus spore, 40 Geobacillus stearothermophilus spore, and 40 Salmonella Newport vegetative cell strips. Microbiological testing demonstrated greater than 5.5 and 6.1 log reduction for the G. stearothermophilus and B. atrophaeus spore strips, respectively. Log reductions of the S. Newport bacterial strips were also within acceptable levels. The success of this project demonstrates the utility of ClO 2 gas as a biological decontaminant approach for mid-sized commercial and public facilities.

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Risk factors associated with fecal Salmonella shedding among hospitalized horses with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease

Cited by 68 publications

References 14 publications

Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California

Chlorine Dioxide Gas Decontamination of Large Animal Hospital Intensive and Neonatal Care Units

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