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RESUMEToute fonction de repartition bidimensionnelle dont les marges sont continues peut &tre reprksentke de faqon unique par une copule, c'est-a-dire par une fonction de repartition concentrke sur le carrk unite et dont les marges sont uniformes. Dans cet article, nous nous intkressons une classe de copules, dites archimkdiennes, qui permet de reprksenter bon nombre de lois bidimensionnelles connues. Nous donnons des conditions sous lesquelles deux copules de cette classe sont ordonnkes stochastiquement et nous examinons les propriktes limites de suites de copules archimkdiennes. Nous fournissons kgalement deux nouveaux exemples de familles paramktriques de lois bidimensionnelles comprenant comme cas limites les bornes de Frechet et la loi d'indkpendance. ABSTRACTEvery bivariate distribution function with continuous marginals can be represented in terms of a unique copula, that is, in terms of a distribution function on the unit square with uniform marginals. This paper is concerned with a special class of copulas called Archimedean, which includes the uniform representation of many standard bivariate distributions. Conditions are given under which these copulas are stochastically ordered and pointwise limits of sequences of Archimedean copulas are examined. We also provide two new one-parameter families of bivariate distributions which include as limiting cases the Frtchet bounds and the independence distribution.

The majority of galaxies in the local Universe exhibit spiral structure with a variety of forms. Many galaxies possess two prominent spiral arms, some have more, while others display a many-armed flocculent appearance. Spiral arms are associated with enhanced gas content and star-formation in the disks of low-redshift galaxies, so are important in the understanding of star-formation in the local universe. As both the visual appearance of spiral structure, and the mechanisms responsible for it vary from galaxy to galaxy, a reliable method for defining spiral samples with different visual morphologies is required. In this paper, we develop a new debiasing method to reliably correct for redshift-dependent bias in Galaxy Zoo 2, and release the new set of debiased classifications. Using these, a luminosity-limited sample of ∼18,000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey spiral galaxies is defined, which are then further sub-categorised by spiral arm number. In order to explore how different spiral galaxies form, the demographics of spiral galaxies with different spiral arm numbers are compared. It is found that whilst all spiral galaxies occupy similar ranges of stellar mass and environment, manyarmed galaxies display much bluer colours than their two-armed counterparts. We conclude that two-armed structure is ubiquitous in star-forming disks, whereas manyarmed spiral structure appears to be a short-lived phase, associated with more recent, stochastic star-formation activity.

Many bird species are in local or regional decline because of habitat loss or degradation. We attempted to disentangle the effects of residential development from the effects of forest size on forest-bird communities, with particular emphasis on Neotropical migrant species. Two variables were examined for their influence on avian diversity and abundance:forest size and the number of houses outside a forest within 100 m of the edge. We found that Neotropical migrants consistently increased in number and abundance as forest size increased. Of greater interest, we found that the number of houses surrounding a forest severely undermined its suitability for Neotropical migrants. Neotropical migrants consistently decreased in diversity and abundance as the level of adjacent development increased, regardless of forest size. The effects of development were striking: 4-ha woodlots without any nearby houses had on average a richer, more abundant Neotropical community than did 25-ha urban woodiots. No predictable pattern of change concerning development or forest size was observed for short-distance migrants or permanent residents. Current planning regulations generally permit housing right up to forest edges. This practice may prevent protection of ecological features within the forest. Threshold distances for housing developments around forests need to be determined to prevent or minimize adverse effects on features and functions within the forests.Efectos del desarrollo urbano sobre los bosques habitados por aves neotropicales migratorias

Studies designed to investigate the causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and its life cycle have been hampered by the marked similarity of Sarcocystis neurona to other Sarcocystis spp. present in the same definitive host. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA techniques were used to amplify DNA from isolates of S. neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula. DNA sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products was then used to design PCR primers to amplify specific Sarcocystis spp. DNA products. The ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer was also amplified and compared between S. neurona and S. falcatula. Useful sequence heterogeneity between the 2 organisms was identified, creating potential markers to distinguish these Sarcocystis spp. These markers were used to characterize Sarcocystis isolates from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) feces. Our data suggest that S. neurona and S. falcatula can be differentiated with these markers and that multiple Sarcocystis spp., including S. neurona and S. falcatula, are shed by opossums.

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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) remains an important neurologic disease of horses. There are no pathognomonic clinical signs for the disease. Affected horses can have focal or multifocal central nervous system (CNS) disease. EPM can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. It is caused by either of 2 parasites, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, with much less known about N. hughesi. Although risk factors such as transport stress and breed and age correlations have been identified, biologic factors such as genetic predispositions of individual animals, and parasite‐specific factors such as strain differences in virulence, remain largely undetermined. This consensus statement update presents current published knowledge of the parasite biology, host immune response, disease pathogenesis, epidemiology, and risk factors. Importantly, the statement provides recommendations for EPM diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

CVCM should be a differential diagnosis in older horses with cervical myelopathy. Articular process osteophytes are the most frequently identified cause of spinal cord compression in this group. Male horses and horses of warmblood or Tennessee Walking Horse breeds may be predisposed to this condition.