Risk Factors and Outcome of Sepsis in Traumatic Patients and Pathogen Detection Using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing

Abstract

Objective. Sepsis, a life-threatening clinical syndrome, is a leading cause of mortality after experiencing multiple traumas. Once diagnosed with sepsis, patients should be given an appropriate empiric antimicrobial treatment followed by the specific antibiotic therapy based on blood culture due to its rapid progression to tissue damage and organ failure. In this study, we aimed to analyze the risk factors and outcome of sepsis in traumatic patients and to investigate the performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) compared with standard microbiological diagnostics in post-traumatic sepsis. Methods. The study included 528 patients with multiple traumas among which there were 142 cases with post-traumatic sepsis. Patients’ demographic and clinical data were recorded. The outcome measures included mortality during the emergency intensive care unit (EICU), EICU length of stay (LOS), all-cause 28-day mortality, and total ventilator days in 28 days after admission. A total of 89 blood samples from 89 septic patients underwent standard microbiological blood cultures and 89 samples of peripheral blood (n = 21), wound secretion (n = 41), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (19), ascites (n = 5), and sputum (n = 3) underwent mNGS. Pathogen detection was compared between standard microbiological blood cultures and mNGS. Results. The sepsis group and non-sepsis group exhibited significant differences regarding shock on admission, blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation, body temperature, heart rate, WBC count, neutrophil count, hematocrit, urea nitrogen, creatinine, CRP, D-D dimer, PCT, scores of APACHE II, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and Injury Severity Score (ISS) on admission to the EICU, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndromes (MODS) ( P < 0.05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that scores of APACHE II, SOFA, and ISS on admission, and MODS were independent risk factors for the occurrence of sepsis in patients with multiple traumas. The 28-day mortality was higher in the sepsis group than in the non-sepsis group (45.07% vs. 19.17%, P < 0.001 ). The mortality during the EICU was higher in the sepsis group than in the non-sepsis group ( P = 0.002 ). The LOS in the EICU in the sepsis group was increased compared with the non-sepsis group ( P = 0.004 ). The total ventilator days in 28 days after admission in the sepsis group was increased compared with the non-sepsis group ( P < 0.001 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that septic shock, APACHE II score on admission, SOFA score, and MODS were independent risk factors of death for patients with post-traumatic sepsis. The positive detection rate of mNGS was 91.01% (81/89), which was significantly higher than that of standard microbiological blood cultures (39.33% (35/89)). Standard microbiological blood cultures and mNGS methods demonstrated double positive results in 33 (37.08%) specimens and double-negative results in 8 (8.99%) specimens, while 46 (51.69%) samples and 2 (2.25%) samples had positive results only with mNGS or culture alone, respectively. Conclusion. Our study identifies risk factors for the incidence and death of sepsis in traumatic patients and shows that mNGS may serve as a better diagnostic tool for the identification of pathogens in post-traumatic sepsis than standard microbiological blood cultures.

The Road to Sepsis in Geriatric Polytrauma Patients—Can We Forecast Sepsis in Trauma Patients?

“…Temperature : Among patients with sepsis aged ≥65 years, the mean temperature was greater than that of patients without sepsis. Significantly greater temperatures in trauma patients with sepsis were also observed in a study by Tong et al; however, the patients were not separated into different age groups [ 25 ].…”

“…However, in a study by van Wessem et al, severely injured patients ≥70 years did not develop more infectious complications (such as sepsis) than younger patients did [ 24 ]. Similarly, Tong et al and Chung et al demonstrated that age is not a significant risk factor for sepsis in patients with multiple traumas [ 25 , 26 ].…”

“…Gender : In our study, sex appeared to have little impact on sepsis development in either age group. Several studies identified male sex as an independent risk factor for sepsis in trauma patients [ 19 , 21 , 26 ], while other studies demonstrated that sex exerts no discernible influence in this regard [ 23 , 25 ].…”

“…Trauma mechanism : The trauma mechanism had no significant impact on the development of sepsis according to numerous studies [ 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 ], while an analysis by Kisat et al revealed a significantly greater prevalence of penetrating injuries in patients with sepsis [ 19 ]. In contrast, our study revealed an association between blunt trauma and sepsis following polytrauma.…”

“…ISS : Patients with sepsis < 65 years had significantly greater ISSs than their non-septic counterparts. Many studies regarded the ISS as an independent risk factor for sepsis after severe trauma across all age groups [ 19 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 ]. A study by Fakhry et al showed that preexisting comorbidities influenced the occurrence of sepsis more than the ISS did in geriatric polytrauma patients >65 years [ 27 ].…”